Biology Exam 1

Theoretical physicist who received the 1933 Nobel Prize for his work on quantum mechanics

Erwin Schrödinger

Asked what kind of molecule a gene must be and offered a potential physical explanation

Erwin Schrödinger

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

Erwin Schrödinger

1. Physics gets its ____________ from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

regularity

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of ___________. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

atoms

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. _____________ from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

order

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a ____________ is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

gene

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it ____________ itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

copies

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs ______________ from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

order

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a ______________ whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

solid

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not ______________: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

repeat

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an ______________ crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a protein. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

aperiodic

1. Physics gets its regularity from huge numbers, averages over trillions of atoms. Order from disorder.

2. But a gene is a handful of atoms, and it copies itself faithfully for generations. That needs order from order.

3. So, the gene must be a solid whose units do not repeat: an aperiodic crystal carrying a code-script.

He expected it to be a _______________. He was wrong about that — and right about everything else.

protein

_______________ has produced an astounding diversity of lifeforms on Earth.

Evolution

Evolution has produced an astounding ______________ of lifeforms on Earth.

diversity

There is a _____________ unity of life.

cellular

There is a cellular ____________ of life.

unity

There is a ______________ unity of life.

molecular

cells

non-human

Life is diverse in form but ____________ in it’s cellular and molecular organization.

unified

Life is diverse in form but unified in it’s _____________ and molecular organization.

cellular

Life is diverse in form but unified in it’s cellular and ____________ organization.

molecular

All ____________ consists of cells, either single cells or collections of cells.

life

All ____________ things contain DNA as their genetic material.

living

All living things contain DNA as their _____________ material.

genetic

Model organisms are informative because biological mechanisms are ____________. That is why yeast cell-cycle genes can tell us a lot about human cancer.

conserved

Model organisms are informative because biological ______________ are conserved. That is why yeast cell-cycle genes can tell us a lot about human cancer.

mechanisms

Model organisms are informative because biological mechanisms are conserved. That is why _______________ cell-cycle genes can tell us a lot about human cancer.

yeast

Weak chemical bonds such as hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom that is __________________ bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen is attracted to another electronegative atom

covalently

Weak chemical bonds such as hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an ____________ atom like oxygen or nitrogen is attracted to another electronegative atom

electronegative

Weak chemical bonds such as hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen is _____________ to another electronegative atom

attracted

When a very ______________ atom strips a valence electron away from its partner, ions form.

electronegative

When a very electronegative atom strips a _______________ electron away from its partner, ions form.

valence

When a very electronegative atom strips a valence electron away from its partner, ________________ form.

ions

When the ______________ number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule is an ion.

proton

When the proton number and _____________ number are unequal, the atom or molecule is an ion.

electron

When the proton number and electron number are ______________, the atom or molecule is an ion.

unequal

When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule is an _______________.

ion

______________ of an element will always differ in atomic mass.

Isotopes

Isotopes of an element will always differ in atomic ____________.

mass

______________ are best described as a three-dimensional space where an electron spends most of its time with no more than 1 other electron, forming a pair.

Orbitals

Orbitals are best described as a three-dimensional space where an ______________ spends most of its time with no more than 1 other electron, forming a pair.

electron

Orbitals are best described as a three-dimensional space where an electron spends most of its time with no more than 1 other electron, forming a ______________.

pair

________________ tracers are important tools in biological research and medicine.

Radioactive

Matter consists of __________________ elements

chemical

Matter is made up of _____________, which cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

elements

Matter is made up of elements, which cannot be ______________ down into other substances by chemical reactions.

broken

Matter is made up of elements, which cannot be broken down into other ________________ by chemical reactions.

substances

Matter is made up of elements, which cannot be broken down into other substances by _______________ reactions.

chemical

There are 118 chemical _____________, ~90 of which occur naturally on Earth.

elements

There are 118 chemical elements, ~90 of which occur ________________ on Earth.

naturally

There are 118 chemical elements, about 20-25 of the naturally occurring elements are ____________ to life.

essential

~96% of _______________ matter consists of just four:

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen.

living

The _____________ 4% of living matter is mostly:

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Potassium

• Sulfur

• Sodium

• Chlorine

• Magnesium

remaining

Required in tiny amounts, but a deficiency is still lethal

• Iron

• Iodine

• Manganese

• Selenium

etc

Trace elements

Matter consists of chemical elements in ____________ form or in chemical compounds.

pure

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form or in chemical _____________.

compounds

Assembly of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds that behaves as a single entity

Molecule

A molecule consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

Compound

A compound’s characteristics differ from those of its _______________ elements.

constituent

Sodium is a soft metal that reacts violently with water. Chlorine is a toxic green gas. Combined, they make sodium chloride— table salt. Which statement best accounts for this?

A compound’s properties differ from those of the elements that compose it

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

• Subatomic particles— 3 largest:
  Protons
  Neutrons
  Electrons

Atom

Electrons carry a ____________ charge

negative

Protons carry a _________________ charge

positive

We _____________ atoms based on atomic number and mass number

classify

Number of protons

Atomic number

Protons + neutrons

Mass number

Subtracting atomic number from the mass number

Neutrons

An element’s chemical properties depend on its ______________ structure

atomic

The # of electrons in an atom’s ________________ shell determines its chemical properties

outermost

The outermost shell of electrons is called the _____________ shell.

valence

Electrons in the outermost shell are called ___________ electrons

valence

Atoms with fully occupied valence shells are ______________ (inert)

unreactive

Atoms without fully occupied valence shells can ____________ electrons with other atoms with incompletely filled valence shells to form covalent chemical bonds

share

Atoms without fully occupied valence shells can share electrons with other atoms with _______________ filled valence shells to form covalent chemical bonds

incompletely

Atoms without fully occupied valence shells can share electrons with other atoms with incompletely filled _____________ shells to form covalent chemical bonds

valence

Atoms without fully occupied valence shells can share electrons with other atoms with incompletely filled valence shells to form ____________ chemical bonds

covalent

Atoms can also transfer electrons to other atoms to form ____________ compounds

ionic

The ___________ model is a useful simplification, not a picture of reality

Bohr

An ______________ has almost no mass compared with a proton.

electron

Electrons have much ___________ mass than a proton. This is why electron mass isn’t part of the atomic mass number.

less

A ______________ bond is two nuclei attracted to the same shared pair of electrons.

covalent

In a ______________ bond, neither atoms own the pair. Both nuclei pull on it, and that shared attraction is the nature of the bond.

covalent

In a covalent bond, neither atoms __________ the pair. Both nuclei pull on it, and that shared attraction is the nature of the bond.

own

In a covalent bond, neither atoms own the pair. Both nuclei pull on it, and that shared ______________ is the nature of the bond.

attraction

Covalent bonds are the ___________ chemical bonds in molecules

strongest

The _____________ capacity of an atom is typically determined by the number of electrons required to complete its valence shell.

bonding

The bonding capacity of an atom is typically determined by the number of ______________ required to complete its valence shell.

electrons

The bonding capacity of an atom is typically determined by the number of electrons required to complete its _______________ shell.

valence

The bonding capacity of an atom

Valence

The relationship between the # of ______________ missing from the valence shell & bonding capacity is straightforward for hydrogen (1), oxygen (2), and carbon (4)

electrons

_____________ covalent bonds share electrons unequally, resulting in partial positive & negative charges

Polar

Polar covalent bonds share electrons _____________, resulting in partial positive & negative charges

unequally

_________________ covalent bonds involve bonding electrons shared equally between 2 atoms. There are no charges on atoms.

Nonpolar

Nonpolar covalent bonds involve ____________ electrons shared equally between 2 atoms. There are no charges on atoms.

bonding

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

Electronegativity

When 2 bonded ___________ differ, the shared electrons sit closer to one of them, leaving partial charges— written as −δ and δ+.

atoms

When 2 bonded atoms differ, the ____________ electrons sit closer to one of them, leaving partial charges— written as −δ and δ+.

shared

Relative electronegativity determines the nature of ______________ between atoms

bonds