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HB Unit 3
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cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
catabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
Oxidation
loss of electrons
reduction
gain of electrons
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate.
10 enzymes
energy investment phase uses 2 ATP
energy payoff phase creates 4 ATP
Link reaction
Step of respiration which occurs before Citric acid cycle
pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA (losss CO2, Makes NADH, adds a CoA)
citric acid cycle
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
Chemiosmosis
A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
oxidative phosphorylation
ETC + chemiosmosis
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
light reactions
The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.
photosystem II (PS II)
1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll (p680)
Photosystem I
2ndof two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll (p700)
ATP synthase
Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
NADP+ reductase
enzyme that transfers a proton to NADP+, forming NADPH
thylakoid membrane
The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.
thylakoid space
site of H+ gradient built up in photosynthesis
Stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; low H+ concentration. site of Calvin cycle
Calvin Cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars. G3P is the product. 3 stages: Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
Rubisco enzyme
enzyme that combines CO2 and RuBP (Calvin cycle)
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 12H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP