Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

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HB Unit 3

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25 Terms

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cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

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catabolic pathways

Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

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Oxidation

loss of electrons

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reduction

gain of electrons

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Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate.

10 enzymes

energy investment phase uses 2 ATP

energy payoff phase creates 4 ATP

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Link reaction

Step of respiration which occurs before Citric acid cycle

pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA (losss CO2, Makes NADH, adds a CoA)

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citric acid cycle

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

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Chemiosmosis

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

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oxidative phosphorylation

ETC + chemiosmosis

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Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

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Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

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Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

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light reactions

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

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photosystem II (PS II)

1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll (p680)

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Photosystem I

2ndof two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll (p700)

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ATP synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

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NADP+ reductase

enzyme that transfers a proton to NADP+, forming NADPH

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thylakoid membrane

The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.

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thylakoid space

site of H+ gradient built up in photosynthesis

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Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; low H+ concentration. site of Calvin cycle

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Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars. G3P is the product. 3 stages: Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

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Rubisco enzyme

enzyme that combines CO2 and RuBP (Calvin cycle)

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Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 12H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP