Intro Sociology Clep - Flashcards

Flashcards for theorists and methods term.

Which theorist is associated with sociology as a scientific study of society and positivism?

Auguste Comte

Which theorist translated Comte and compared social institutions while writing about morals and inequality?

Harriet Martineau

Which theorist is linked to capitalism, class conflict, bourgeoisie, proletariat, exploitation, and alienation?

Karl Marx

Which theorist is linked to functionalism, social facts, anomie, suicide, and social cohesion?

Émile Durkheim

Which theorist is linked to verstehen, authority types, bureaucracy, rationalization, life chances, status, and power?

Max Weber

Which theorist is linked to race, racism, double consciousness, and The Philadelphia Negro?

W. E. B. Du Bois

Which theorist is linked to mind, self, society, role-taking, and symbolic interactionism?

George Herbert Mead

Which theorist developed the looking-glass self?

Charles Horton Cooley

Which theorist is linked to Hull House, settlement-house work, immigrants, poverty, and applied sociology?

Jane Addams

Which theorist is linked to cultural capital, social capital, taste, distinction, and class reproduction?

Pierre Bourdieu

Which theorist developed the sociological imagination and the power-elite model?

C. Wright Mills

Which sociologists are linked to the Chicago School, urban sociology, neighborhoods, immigration, ethnography, and social disorganization?

Robert Park and Ernest Burgess

Which theorist is linked to structural functionalism and the sick role, and is NOT a Chicago School proponent?

Talcott Parsons

Which theorist is linked to manifest functions, latent functions, latent dysfunctions, and strain theory?

Robert K. Merton

Which theorist is linked to differential association theory?

Edwin Sutherland

Which theorist is linked to labeling theory?

Howard Becker

Which theorist created the Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft distinction?

Ferdinand Tönnies

Which theorist argued population grows exponentially while food production grows linearly?

Thomas Malthus

Which theorist is linked to dramaturgy and impression management?

Erving Goffman

Which theorist is an early functionalist associated with society as an organism and social evolution?

Herbert Spencer

Which theorist coined the term symbolic interactionism?

Herbert Blumer

Which conflict theorist extended Marx's conflict theory beyond economic class?

Ralf Dahrendorf

Which early thinker wrote about women's position in society and is linked to women's rights?

Mary Wollstonecraft

What term means looking beyond individual choices to ask how society, institutions, culture, power, and social location shape behavior?

Sociological perspective

What term means connecting private troubles to public issues?

Sociological imagination

What philosophical approach says knowledge should come from scientific observation in search of social laws?

Positivism

What source of knowledge means observation and evidence?

Empiricism

What source of knowledge means logic and rational thinking?

Reason

What perspective asks: How does this help society work or stay stable?

Structural functionalism

What perspective asks: Who has power and who benefits?

Conflict theory

What perspective asks: What meanings do people create in face-to-face interaction?

Symbolic interactionism

What perspective asks how gendered power relations shape social life?

Feminist theory

What concept means social unity based on sameness, shared beliefs, and homogeneity?

Mechanical solidarity

What concept means social unity based on specialization and interdependence?

Organic solidarity

What term means intended and recognized result of a social pattern or institution?

Manifest function

What term means unintended or hidden result of a social pattern or institution?

Latent function

What term means an unexpected harmful result of a social pattern or policy?

Latent dysfunction

What concept means normlessness or weakened social regulation?

Anomie

What model says top government, military, and corporate leaders are interconnected and hold major power?

Power elite

What Weber concept means interpretive understanding of the subjective meanings that motivate people?

Verstehen

What type of authority comes from custom, tradition, or inherited status?

Traditional authority

What type of authority comes from devotion to a leader's personal qualities?

Charismatic authority

What type of authority comes from rules, laws, offices, and procedures?

Legal-rational authority

What Weber term means social life becomes organized around rules, efficiency, calculation, and formal procedures?

Rationalization

What term means people are trapped by rationalized systems of rules and efficiency?

Iron cage

What term means a formal organization with hierarchy, rules, specialization, and records?

Bureaucracy

What term means a testable prediction about a relationship?

Hypothesis

What term means a measurable factor that can change?

Variable

What variable is the possible cause or predictor?

Independent variable

What variable is the outcome being explained?

Dependent variable

What term means exactly how a concept is measured in a study?

Operational definition

What measurement term means consistency of a measure?

Reliability

What measurement term means accuracy: the measure captures what it claims to measure?

Validity

What term means the full group a researcher wants to understand?

Population

What term means a subset of a population studied?

Sample

What term means selecting part of a population for study?

Sampling

What type of sample matches the population on key traits?

Representative sample

What sampling method gives each member of a population an equal chance of selection?

Random sample

What sampling method intentionally includes extra participants from a smaller subgroup so it can be studied?

Oversampling

What term means variables move together?

Correlation

What term means one variable produces change in another?

Causation

What term means a relationship seems causal but is actually caused by another factor?

Spurious correlation

Which research method is best for large samples, attitudes, and measurable patterns?

Survey

Which research method is best for testing cause and effect with control?

Experiment

In an experiment, what group receives the treatment?

Experimental group

In an experiment, what group does not receive the treatment and is used for comparison?

Control group

What method involves observing behavior in real settings while the researcher may take part in the setting?

Participant observation

What method means observing people in their natural setting, such as a subway, neighborhood, crowd, or workplace?

Field research

What method is an in-depth study of a culture or community?

Ethnography

What method is best for detailed meanings and experiences from participants?

Interview

What interview style uses prepared questions but allows follow-up and flexibility?

Semi-structured interview

What method examines patterns in media, texts, speeches, posts, advertisements, or documents?

Content analysis

What method uses existing data, such as census records, collected for another purpose?

Secondary data analysis

What research approach uses numbers, statistics, large datasets, and measurable variables?

Quantitative research

What research approach uses meanings, words, observations, interviews, and in-depth cases?

Qualitative research

What reasoning starts with a theory or hypothesis and tests it with data?

Deductive reasoning

What reasoning starts with observations and builds patterns or theory from the data?

Inductive reasoning

What method combines quantitative and qualitative approaches?

Mixed methods analysis

What method traces relationships between people or groups as nodes and connections?

Social network analysis

What method studies social change over time using documents or historical records?

Historical analysis

What problem happens when survey wording influences how people answer?

Question wording bias

What problem happens when a sample does not represent the population?

Sampling bias

What problem happens when people answer inaccurately or in socially desirable ways?

Response bias

What problem occurs when people change behavior because they know they are being observed?

Observer effect

What problem occurs when the researcher's expectations influence observations or conclusions?

Researcher bias

What chart shows the relationship between two variables using plotted points?

Scattergram

What relationship is shown when points slope upward from left to right?

Positive correlation

What relationship is shown when points slope downward from left to right?

Negative correlation

What relationship is shown when points have no visible pattern?

Zero correlation

What relationship is shown when the pattern bends rather than forming a straight line?

Curvilinear correlation

When interpreting a table, what should you check before comparing percentages?

The correct denominator

When a chart shows data over time, what should you identify?

Increase, decrease, stability, or turning point

When comparing group averages, what should you avoid assuming?

Do not assume every individual in a group matches the average.

What research ethics term means participants understand the study and agree voluntarily?

Informed consent

What research ethics term means protecting participants' identities and private information?

Confidentiality

What research ethics term means data cannot be linked to a participant's identity?

Anonymity

What research ethics rule means avoiding physical, psychological, social, or legal harm?

Do no harm

What research ethics term means misleading participants about part of a study?

Deception

What research ethics term means explaining the true purpose of a study afterward?

Debriefing

What research ethics term refers to groups requiring extra protection, such as children or prisoners?

Vulnerable populations