A&P I Exam 1

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A watery medium surrounding all cellsthat contains ions, nutrients, and waste products. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating communication between cells.

Plasma

Extracellular fluid is known as this term when it is observed in blood

Interstitial Fluid (IF)

Extracellular Fluid is known as this term when observed in tissue

Cytosol

Fluid located within a cell that may contain inclusions of glycogen, lipids, or pigments. It is the site of many metabolic processes; also known as intracellular fluid

• Contains more potassium and phosphate

• Contains less sodium and chloride

• Higher levels of proteins and nutrients

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A continuous membrane network that produces, folds, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids

Rough ER

This network system has ribosomes bound to membranes which modify and newly synthesized proteins

• Forms transport vesicles for delivery to the golgi apparatus

Smooth ER

This network system lacks attached ribosomes to synthesize lipids and carbohydrates

• Stores glycogen and calcium in muscle

Golgi Apparatus

This organelle stores, alters, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to cytosol and cell membrane

Lysosomes

A vesicle containing powerful digestive enzymes that remove damaged organelles or pathogens

Peroxisomes

This organelle contains digestive enzymes and hydrogen peroxide that neutralize all toxic compounds

• Absorb and break down fatty acids

Nucleus

This organelle controls metabolism, storage, and processing of genetic information, overall controlling protein synthesis

Nucleolus

Dense region in the nucleus containing DNA and RNA; site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer sheet of phosphate molecules and fat that creates the primary protective barrier around every living cell; blocks hydrophilic solutes

Types of Membrane Protein

• Integral Membrane Protein

• Peripheral Membrane Protein

Integral Membrane Protein

These proteins are permanently embedded within the hydrophobicP phospholipid bilayer of the cell

Peripheral Membrane Protein

These proteins attach to one surface of the membrane through non-covalent interactions with lipid head groups or other proteins

Cytoskeletal Protein

This specific protein anchors the cell

Surface Markers

This specific protein helps to identify a cell to others

Enzymes

This type of protein catalyzes reactions

Receptors

This specific target protein binds to ligands in ECF

Ligands

A signaling molecule that binds to a specific target protein, the receptor, to transmit a signal and trigger a cellular response

Carrier Proteins

This type of protein moves solutes across the cell membrane

Channels

This pathway allows solutes to pass through

Glycocalyx

This outer coating of the cell membrane allows for lubrication and protection, anchoring and locomotion, ligand binding, and recognition

Chromosomes

Highly condensed DNA/protein complexes found in cells during division

• Mitosis or Meiosis

Chromatin

Loosely coiled tangle of DNA/protein complexes found in non-mitotic cellls