BIO 112 Notes: Adaptations of Plants and Fungi

What are examples of sugar sources?

Examples of sugar sources include leaves, where photosynthesis takes place, and storage tissues, such as roots and tubers.

What are examples of sugar sinks?

Examples of sugar sinks include developing seeds and fruits, growing shoot and root tips, and tissues undergoing repair.

How are sugars moved between sinks and sources?

Sugars are moved between sources and sinks through the process of phloem transport.

Transpiration

drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem.

Fossil evidence

suggests that mycorrhizae were an early evolutionary adaptation that helped plants colonize the land.

Ectomycorrhizal

________ fungi form a sheath around the root cells of the plant, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi penetrate the cells of the root itself.

Ectomycorrhizae

commonly found in woody plants such as trees, and the fungi in these associations often produce fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms.

Stomatal opening

________ at dawn is triggered by at least three cues: Light, CO2 depletion, and an internal "clock "in guard cells.

Fungi

play an essential role in plant nutrition by forming mutualistic associations with plant roots.

Sugars

are moved between sources and sinks through the process of phloem transport.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

are particularly important for crop plants, as they have been shown to improve crop yields and reduce the need for fertilizer.

Stomata

________ on a leafs surface lead to a network of internal air spaces that expose the mesophyll cells to the CO2 required for photosynthesis.

nutrient uptake

In addition to enhancing ________, ectomycorrhizal fungi can also protect plants from pathogens and environmental stress.

Sugar sources

parts of the plant that produce and export sugars.

Sugar movement

________ in the phloem is driven by a pressure gradient.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

more common in herbaceous plants, and the fungi in these associations do not produce fruiting bodies.

How can the movement of sugars in a plant be regulated?

The movement of sugars within a plant can be regulated by a variety of factors, including hormonal signals and environmental cues.

What are sugars converted to when they reach the sugar sink?

Some sugars are converted into starch for long-term storage in roots, tubers, or seeds, while others are used immediately for growth and other metabolic processes.

What is sugar movement driven by?

Sugar movement in the phloem is driven by a pressure gradient

What happens when sugars reach the sink?

Once sugars reach the sink, they can be used for energy production or storage.

Ectomycorrhizae

commonly found in woody plants such as trees, and the fungi in these associations often produce fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

more common in herbaceous plants, and the fungi in these associations do not produce fruiting bodies

Stomatal opening at dawn is triggered by at least three cues

Light, CO2 depletion, and an internal "clock" in guard cells

Sugar sources

parts of the plant that produce and export sugars

Sugar sinks

parts of the plant that import and consume sugars