Studied by 5 people
what is development
a measure regarding the progress of a country
what are advanced countries
countries with well developed financial markets and high degrees of financial intermediation and diversified economic structures and a rapidly growing service sector
what are emerging developing countries
countries which do not share the economic development characteristics of advanced countries and are not eligible for the poverty reduction and growth trust from the IMF
what are low income developing countries
countries eligible for the poverty reduction and growth trust from the IMF
what are examples of ACs
US UK and france
what are examples of EDCs
UAE china and south africa
what are examples of LIDCs
ethiopia uganda and DRC
what are features of ACs
good infrastructure such as smooth clearly marked roads
traffic lights
efficient public transport such as buses
lots of big advanced machinery in farms
more jobs in tertiary sector
what are features of EDCs
luxury goods found in cities
more poverty especially in rural areas
more labour intensive in farms
more jobs in secondary sector
what are features of LIDCs
more haphazard cities and towns
less organised and advanced transport
much less technology used and available
more jobs in the primary sector
how do you DESCRIBE a pattern in a 4 mark question
obvious pattern obvious pattern specific statistic using data and communication mark
OR obvious pattern specific statistic using data odd pattern and communication mark
how do you DESCRIBE how a measure of development shows how developed a country is in a 3 mark question
name the measure of development say if it being higher or lower makes a country more or less developed and explain why
what are the economic measures of development (3)
GDP (per capita) and GNI per capita
what are the social measures of development (6)
birth rate death rate life expectancy infant mortality rate literacy rate doctors per 1000
what is Gross Domestic Product
the monetary value of all the goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year including government spending
what is a disadvantage of Gross Domestic Product
but does not show the average per person and population because high population low income countries may have a higher total GDP than very low population high income countries
what is Gross Domestic Product per capita (person over 18)
the average monetary value of all the goods and services produced within a country’s borders per person per year in $
what is Gross National Income per capita (person over 18)
the average monetary value of all the goods and services produced within a country’s borders plus the money earned from and paid to other countries per person per year in $
what is the advantage of GDP per capita and GNI per capita
shows the quality and standard of living and doesn’t depend on population so is comparable between counties
what is the disadvantage of GDP per capita and GNI per capita
doesn’t show what areas and groups of people have higher or lower average income per person and doesn’t show how far the money goes as some countries are generally more expensive than others
what is birth rate
number of live births per 1000 people per year
what is death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
what is life expectancy
average number of years a person born in a particular country is expected to live
what is infant mortality rate
number of children who die before reaching the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year
what is literacy rate
percentage of the population over 15 who can read and write
what is doctors per 1000
number of doctors shared per 1000 people
what are the advantages and disadvantages of birth rate
gives an indication of the contraception and education available but doesn’t take into account how well the babies are cared for such as their life expectancy and nutrition
what are the advantages and disadvantages of death rate
gives an indication of the amount of healthcare available but doesn’t take into account what age people are dying at and what from such as disease or old age
what are the advantages and disadvantages of life expectancy
gives an indication of quality of food available as better food improves immune systems so people live longer but doesn’t show what areas and groups of people have a higher or lower life expectancy so is not representative of everyone in society
what are the advantages and disadvantages of infant mortality rate
shows the quality of maternal care and infancy care but is not necessarily accurate as in poorer countries not all babies which are born and die are recorded and accounted for
what are the advantages and disadvantages of literacy rate
gives an indication of the quality of education available and how many people could end up in tertiary sector jobs but does not show how literate people are and how long they are in education for
what are the advantages and disadvantages of doctors per 1000
gives an indication of how quickly people can get access to healthcare but does not show the quality of the healthcare
what is absolute poverty
when people in LIDCs do not have access to necessities such as clothes food and shelter which is a problem as it can lead to higher mortality rates
what is relative poverty
when people in ACs do not have access to things other people in their country would consider normal to have such as being able to afford to turn on central heating in their house which is a problem as it can lead to damp parts in houses where mold can grow leading to respiratory problems and getting ill
what is the human development index
a composite measure of development which combines life expectancy education and income per capita to give a score from 0-1 with 1 being the most developed
what scores on the human development index do ACs and LIDCs normally have
ACs usually have scores around 0.9 and LIDCs have usually have scores around 0.3 or 0.4
how can natural hazards influence development
risk of earthquakes or volcanic eruption or tropical storms or foods can damage buildings and reduce industry and farming but volcanic ash and minerals can make soil more fertile for farming
how can location and terrain influence development
landlocked countries find international trade more difficult and steep mountainous rocky terrain is more difficult to build on and limits farming
how can climate influence development
some climates will attract tourism such as tropical beaches but reliability of rainfall can influence agriculture and affect health such as monsoons and droughts
how can natural resources influence development
access to enough safe water improves peoples health and access to certain minerals can help with trade energy and manufacturing
how can technology influence development
more jobs in farms can be done by machines and technology making it more efficient so farms expand and then when they get bigger they can benefit from purchasing economies of scale helping them develop further
how can healthcare influence development
better access to healthcare means people are less susceptible to diseases such as MMR and die less from them
how can politics influence development
global links such as being members of international groups such as UN and EU allow better international trade and support from other countries
what is the cycle of poverty and decline
low income can lead to poor quality food and drink can lead to poor health can lead to inability to work fully can lead to loss if income can lead to less tax to government can lead to less investment in public services can lead to no access to education can lead to lack of job options can lead to low income
what does the poverty cycle show
poverty can start for any reason and it is difficult to break out of it
how does health influence poverty
people on LIDCs do not have enough safe water and food which leads to people having health problems such as diarrhea which causes fatigue so they are prevented from being able to work and cannot get enough income so are stuck in poverty
how does political unrest influence poverty
some LIDCs have unstable governments which spend money on military to keep them in power instead of on infrastructure for trade and education which would help the community
how does trade and debt influence poverty
LIDCs export primary good which have low value so the country does not have much money so it takes out loans to build more infrastructure such as schools but if the price of the goods they export go down then they are unable to repay the loan and go into debt meaning they have to repay the debt instead of using the money for public services
why is sher ethiopia near addis ababa
so it can get roses to the airport to export quickly before they wilt
how has ethiopia’s economy developed so far
since 2001 the US government helped ethiopia by providing farmers with better agricultural equipment to make farming more efficient and increasing their development
how has ethiopia’s population and society developed so far
1984-85 there was a drought and a lack of rain so there was a lack of crops because they could not grow resulting in a famine which killed 1 million people which was made worse by the high birth rate as more children were vulnerable to the famine so it impacted the population greatly
how has ethiopia developed so far through technology
since 2012 ethiopia’s government brought forward the growth and transformation plan to teach farmers skills such as mixing crop types with beans to give the soil more nutrients so it is more fertile so they can farm better and have increased yields and productivity
how has ethiopia’s development so far been influenced by politics
1977-78 the derg government were in power which were communist so wanted to make the country fairer so took control of the farms and tried to split the land more fairly but this was called the red terror as it caused a lot of conflict which killed 5000 people and also lots of people emigrated to different countries to get away from ethiopia. this decreased the productivity of farms so decreased development
what is happening in stage 1 of Rostow’s model of development
primary sector is dominant and is a subsistence economy based on small scale agriculture with little infrastructure e.g. ethiopia
what is happening in stage 2 of Rostow’s model of development
primary sector is dominant but there is more commercial agriculture and increased wealth and investment e.g. philippines or ethiopia
what is happening in stage 3 of Rostow’s model of development
secondary sector is dominant and there us increased infrastructure and government expenditure e.g. thailand
what is happening in stage 4 of Rostow’s model of development
tertiary sector is dominant and there is increasingly a self sufficient diverse economy with rapid urbanisation e.g. china
what is happening in stage 5 of Rostow’s model of development
tertiary sector us dominant and there is increased personal wealth leading to more consumerism e.g. japan
what are the 8 MDGs
1 eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2 achieve universal primary education 3 promote gender equality 4 reduce child mortality 5 improve maternal health 6 combat HIV AIDS malaria and other diseases 7 ensure environmental sustainability 8 global partnership for development
how well has Ethiopia achieved MDG 1 to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
ethiopia has partly achieved this as the percentage of the population living in poverty has dropped to 29% from 49% in 2000 which is a large decrease however there are still 40% of children malnourished and 28% of the population are food insecure so are lacking essential nutrients and many people are still suffering from the effects of poverty and are left hungry and malnourished
how well has Ethiopia achieved MDG 5 ti improve maternal health
ethiopia achieved this very well as although there is still some social stigma around family planning 55% of women have access to contraception which lead to maternal mortality dropping by 23% meaning they are being much better looked after and have more of a choice and rights when it comes to pregnancy allowing less maternal deaths
was ethiopia more successful with MDG 1 or MDG 5
MDG 5 because there is a larger decrease in maternal mortality and a larger increase in women being able to access contraception than the decrease of the percentage of the population living in poverty
how has the environment in the western highlands influenced development
the temperature is between 25-35c on average and there is 1200-2000mm of rain yearly so mild temperatures and lots of rainfall means crops such as cotton and coffee grow well which can be exported helping development. however the land is mountainous and up to 4500m high so the steep rocky slopes make it difficult to farm and use machinery there hindering development
how has the environment in the eastern lowland influenced development
the temperature is between 30-40c on average and there is 0-300mm of rain yearly so high temperatures with little unreliable rain means farmers cannot grow many crops hindering development. also it is very low lying so there is not enough grass so livestock overgraze making the soil less bound together and there is more soil erosion due to the wind causing desertification of the ogden desert
why is the HDI the best measure of development
combines social and economic factors so is more accurate
what is Ethiopia’s trade deficit
ethiopia imports a higher value of goods than it exports (imports $11b and exports $3b) so has a public debt of 50% of GDP in 2013 and means that ethiopia has to prioritise spending money on that and less on public services
what is ethiopia’s main export and why is it a problem
mainly exports coffee and a few other things which is a problem because ethiopia relies on a few primary goods for their development but if there was a drought then they cannot supply enough so cannot make enough income and also primary goods have low fluctuating prices so they could easily make less money one year
advantages of coffee industry
ethiopia has the right soil rainfall and temperature conditions for coffee due to the altitude and sometimes farmers can form cooperatives to afford to buy machinery to make washed coffee which is better quality than unwashed coffee so makes more money
disadvantages of coffee industry
most poorer farmers are not in cooperatives as they are subsistence farmers so make unwashed coffee which they process themselves without machinery but it is lower quality so they make less money
advantages of cut flower industry
AQ roses provides free healthcare for their employees who are mainly women so provides them with more money and wealth raising their status in society for mdg 3 and also leasing the land to AQ roses makes more money for the government through taxes from the employees which they can spend on improving the country
disadvantages of cut flower industry
leasing out the land means small subsistence farmers lose their land so are unable to farm and make enough money to support their family and also pollution from the warehouses and factories can damage local water supplies
Sher ethiopia employs 13000 people with an average wage of $50 per month on a permanent contract. explain how this influences development
those employees are able to spend money in their local area which gets spread through the multiplier effect leading to more money in their local economy making it more developed however the wage is below the world bank poverty line meaning the employees will still likely be unable to afford enough necessities such as food and clothes
Sher ethiopia created a sher hospital which has free healthcare for all their employees and 85% are women. explain how this influences development
lots of women are receiving free healthcare so maternal health is improved helping ethiopia meet mdg 5 and it also means women are better able to look after their children as they have more money and are healthy improving mdg 4 to reduce child mortality making ethiopia more developed
how successful has sher ethiopia been in improving ethiopia’s development
very successful as although the wages are not very high the hospital and money benefits the local community and the money employees make allows them to pay tax which the government can use to help the whole country
what is the farm africa goat scheme
bottom up scheme: farm africa in tigray in north ethiopia gives women 3 goats each and when these goats have babies she can pass the first 3 on to another women in the village and this repeats making the scheme sustainable
what are advantages of the farm africa goat scheme for women
the women are also provided with skills to help look after these goats by giving them shelter and keeping them healthy and alive so women can start a small business selling the milk from these goats and make a profit raising their status in society for mdg 3
what are advantages of the farm africa goat scheme for children
the staple plant in ethiopia is maize whcih makes up most of children’s diets but it is not very nutritious so the children are malnourished however they can drink the goat milk which gives them a more varied balanced diet so they are healthier with better immune systems so are better able to participate in school and the money from the goats allows the women to buy things the children need for school so overall they can get better jobs when they grow up such as in the secondary sector and this increases development
which advantage of the farm africa goat scheme is more important
the advantages for the children are more important for narrowing the development gap as the next generation will have a better education and life so will be able to escape poverty and care for their children better so they can have better opportunities in their life meaning in the long term it will make ethiopia less poor and more developed
in 2006 the world bank wrote off ethiopia’s debt decreasing it to 21% by 2015 when before it was 155% of GDP in 1995. why is this good for both the world bank & ethiopia
it is good for ethiopia as they get a better credit rate so can get loans at a better interest rate and also if they have less debt they can prioritise spending money on public services to benefit their citizens. it is good for the world bank because their aim is to reduce poverty and the countries they are writing off the debt of are so poor that their debt is not much money for the world bank to pay off
what is the Gibbe III scheme
top down scheme: $2 billion dam built in south ethiopia on the omo river
what are the advantages of the Gibbe III scheme
the government leased land to malaysian and indian TNCs to set up large commercial farms growing palm oils and cereals and these plantations will provide 150000 jobs so employees can pay taxes which generates money for the government which they can spend on public services to help the country and the employees also have more money to spend in the local area which is spread through the multiplier effect improving the local economy. also the dam generates 1870 megawatts of renewable energy which supplies half of ethiopia’s electricity so there is better electricity for factories giving ethiopia potential to increase their secondary sector so ethiopia can move up rostows model of development and it does not release any greenhouse gases as it is renewable so is better for the environment and the excess money can be sold so more money for ethiopia’s economy
what is the disadvantage of the Gibbe III scheme
200000 pastoralist farmers from the bodi and musti tribes no longer get access to the omo river so their cattle cannot be fed by the grass and water from it so the farmers are forced to either sell their cattle and find different jobs which would be very difficult or have to move to less suitable places where there are other tribes which could cause conflict. also some methane will be created due to the dam flooding vegetation and causing it to rot which is bad for the environment
evaluate the Gibbe III scheme
it helps people on a national scale and causes problems for people on a local scale so helps more people than it causes problems for so the advantages outweigh the disadvantages
what are top down schemes
large scale government led schemes which involve a lot of money and focus on economic sustainability and benefit the whole country
what are bottom up schemes
small scale community led schemes which cost less and focus on social sustainability and benefit the local community
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Flashcard (38)