exam 2review 216

What do Eccrine glands produce and what is their primary function?

Eccrine glands produce an odorless fluid to maintain body temperature and produce sweat.

What do Apocrine glands produce and how does it affect body odor?

Apocrine glands produce a body odor when reacting to bacterial decomposition and increase in response to emotional stress.

What is a skin biopsy?

A procedure to obtain a sample of skin for examination under a microscope.

What does the OPQRST mnemonic stand for in assessing symptoms?

Onset, Provokes/Palliates, Quality, Radiates/Region, Severity, Timing.

What is acne?

An inflammatory disease of the sebaceous follicles of the skin.

What is skin cancer?

A malignancy of the cells.

What characterizes eczema?

A chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes the skin to become scaly, itchy, inflamed, and irritated.

What is lupus?

A systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a distinctive facial butterfly rash and occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues and organs.

What is psoriasis?

A chronic immune disorder that causes the skin to develop silvery, scaly plaques.

What does seborrhea dermatitis cause?

An inflammatory skin condition that causes flaky, yellow scales to form on the scalp, ears, and face.

What is albinism?

An inherited disorder caused by the total or partial absence of an enzyme that produces melanin.

What is carotenemia?

Yellowing of the skin due to increased dietary intake of carotene.

What is central cyanosis?

Bluish discoloration of the skin related to decreased circulating oxygen.

What does erythema indicate?

Red or pink skin color which may indicate inflammation, fever, or increased blood flow.

What causes jaundice?

Yellowing of the skin due to excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood.

What is hyperpigmentation?

Darker skin color.

What is hypopigmentation?

Lighter skin color.

What does pallor indicate?

Pale skin is seen in anemia or decreased blood flow.

What is peripheral cyanosis?

A blue, gray, or dark purple discoloration of the skin due to deoxygenated blood.

What is vitiligo?

An autoimmune disorder that causes smooth white patches of skin.

What is keloid formation?

An overgrowth of connective tissue often seen on dark-skinned individuals.

What can autoimmune diseases cause in terms of skin texture?

They can cause inflammation, redness, loss of hair, and changes in skin texture.

What is acne vulgaris?

A skin condition originating from sebaceous glands that can cause blemishes, cysts, bumps, pustules, and inflammation.

What is rosacea?

An inflammatory skin condition causing redness, swelling, and spider-like blood vessels on the face.

What is a macule?

A circular, small, flat, nonpalpable spot less than 1 cm in diameter.

What is a papule?

An elevated nevus that appears rough in texture and is less than 1 cm.

What defines a plaque in terms of skin lesions?

A patch of closely grouped thickened papules that is more than 1 cm across.

What is a vesicle?

A blister that is serous fluid-filled and less than 1 cm in diameter.

What is a nodule?

A solid and elevated lesion greater than 1.5 cm, often a wart.

What is a pustule?

A raised circumscribed vesicle filled with pus.

What is a bulla?

An elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled blister.

What is a wheal?

Defined by raised swelling, red bumps, or welts, usually caused by an allergic reaction.

What are telangiectasia?

Small, dilated blood vessels that occur near the surface of the skin.

What is a tumor?

A solid mass that may be an epithelioma.

What is a scale in dermatology?

Flakes of skin that exfoliate, often associated with psoriasis or dandruff.

What constitutes a crust in skin lesions?

Dried blood, serum, or pus on the skin.

What does erosion in skin lesions refer to?

A ruptured vesicle with loss of the epidermis, moist surface, no bleeding.

What is an ulcer in dermatology?

A pressure injury leading to loss of epidermis and dermis with possible bleeding.

What does fissure mean in skin terms?

A linear crack or break in the skin.

How is a scar defined?

Discolored fibrous tissue that appears over healed surgical incisions and wounds.

What is a keloid?

Excessive collagen production extending beyond the original boundaries of a wound or incision.

What is a nevus?

A mole, or discolored growth on the skin.

What characterizes atypical moles?

Atypical moles or dysplastic nevi are larger with irregular, poorly defined borders.

What are congenital nevi?

Nevi present at birth, categorized by size and often tan, brown, red, or black.

Where should intertriginous areas be inspected?

Under folds of skin.

What does the ABCDE method assess?

Cyanosis, pallor, jaundice, and other skin characteristics.

What is hyperhidrosis?

Excessive sweating of the body or specific areas.

What is a cherry angioma?

A benign, cherry red papule composed of compressed blood vessels.

What is ecchymosis?

A bruise caused by bleeding under the skin or mucous membranes.

What is a hematoma?

Clotted blood within tissue caused by a break in a blood vessel.

What causes telangiectasia?

Vascular dilation of a small group of blood vessels.

What are petechiae?

Tiny pinpoint hemorrhages caused by superficial bleeding from capillaries.

What does purpura refer to?

A hemorrhagic red or purple spot or rash.

What is basal cell carcinoma characterized by?

A pearl white, dome-shaped papule with overlying random telangiectasia.

What defines squamous cell carcinoma?

A malignant cutaneous malignancy arising from keratinocytes, thick, rough, scaly, with irregular borders.

What is malignant melanoma?

A skin cancer that develops from a pre-existing lesion, usually changing in size or color.

What does alopecia mean?

Hair loss which can be due to various factors.

What is alopecia areata?

Spot baldness where hair is lost in patches, potentially related to autoimmunity.

What is folliculitis?

Inflammation of a hair follicle.

What does hirsutism refer to?

Excessive growth of thick, dark hair in women.

What are seborrhea dermatitis associated with?

Chronic greasy scales that accumulate and thicken on the scalp.

What is tinea capitis?

A fungal infection of the scalp that causes round, patchy hair loss.

What is tinea versicolor?

A fungal infection causing discolored patches or spots on the skin.

What is Beau’s line?

A white, horizontal groove across the nailbed.

What is onychomycosis?

Thickening, yellow discoloration, and scaling of the nailbed due to a fungal infection.

What does paronychia refer to?

A skin infection around the nail causing erythema, swelling, and tenderness.

What is pitting of nails indicative of?

Psoriasis; appears as indentations in different sizes and depths on the nails.

What are splinter hemorrhages?

Red streaks in nails caused by bleeding from capillaries under the nails.

What are spoon nails?

Flat or concave nails with edges flaring out.

What are the two parts of the head?

Cranium and Face.

How many bones make up the adult skull?

22 bones.

What are the major cranial bones?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid.

What are sutures?

Connective tissue and immovable joints that hold the bones of the skull together.

What does the temporal artery supply?

It is a major artery of the head that branches from within the external carotid artery.

What role do parotid glands play?

They are the largest salivary glands that secrete saliva into the mouth.

What is rhinorrhea?

A thin watery clear discharge from the nose.

What is the nasal septum?

A midline structure made of cartilage and blood vessels that divides the nostrils.

What are turbinates?

Bony structures covered by soft mucosa found in the nasal cavities.

What is nasal flaring?

Visible enlargement of the nostrils with inhalation.

What is the function of the epiglottis?

It separates the trachea from the esophagus and prevents aspiration.

What diagnostic tests are important for assessing head and neck?

CT, MRI, TSH, Thyroid Ultrasound, Throat Culture.

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

It supports the neck.

What is the thyroid cartilage's anatomical significance?

It is the largest cartilage of the larynx, commonly known as the Adam’s apple.

What is torticollis?

Contraction or contracture of the muscles of the neck.

What is presbycusis?

Sensorineural hearing loss associated with aging.

What is tinnitus?

Perception of sound in the absence of auditory stimulus.

What is vertigo?

A feeling that the environment is moving.

What are common findings in earlobed problems?

Cauliflower ear, microtia, macrotia, and tophus.

What defines conductive hearing loss?

Hearing loss that occurs in the outer ear canal to the eardrum.

What is the whisper test used for?

To check if a patient can hear sounds without seeing the nurse’s mouth.

What is cataracts associated with?

Loss of vision due to opacity of the lens.

What is glaucoma?

Loss of peripheral vision.

What does the Snellen chart assess?

Distance visual acuity.

What is the purpose of the Rosenbaum test?

To assess near visual acuity.

What does Ishihara plate test for?

Color blindness.

What is nyctalopia?

Night blindness.

What is exophthalmos?

Protrusion of the eyeball.

What is scleral jaundice indicative of?

Possible liver disease.

What indicates Asperger's syndrome when inspecting the eyes?

Issues with pupils and consensual response. The PERRLA test is key.

What can a headache indicate in a clinical context?

Different types of headaches can suggest tension, cluster, sinus, or migraines.