anatomy- pharynx and larynx

what system does air pass through?

the respiratory system

what system does food pass through?

the digestive system

what is the pathway of the airway?

through nostrils, into the nasal cavity, down the pharynx, into the larynx, then into the lower airway

what is the pathway of the foodway?

oral cavity, down the pharynx, into the esophagus, into the stomach, then into the GI tract

what is the gatekeeper in between the two?

the epiglottis

where is the nasal cavity located?

central in the head and neck region.

what separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

the soft and hard palate

what is the position of pharynx to the two cavities?

posterior

where is the position of the larynx to the pharynx?

posterior

what is the larynx responible for?

vocalization

where is the esophagus located?

inferior to the pharynx

why are the structures involved with the airway and foodway important?

we breathe, digest, and smell through these pathways.

what is the nasal septum?

cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities

what is the septal cartilage?

cartilage on the front of the nose. anterior/between the perpendicular part of the ethmoid bone and the vomer.

what is the vomer bone?

plow-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal septum

what does the nasal septum do?

divides nasal cavity into left and right

what is the ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate)?

an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes; contributing the roof and walls of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum

what is the maxillary bone?

the upper jaw bones that aids in forming the nose

what is the frontal sinus?

space that lies between the orbital and squamous parts of the frontal bone

what is the superior and middle nasal concha?

medial bony projections of the ethmoid bone, that help filter and warm air as it passes through

what is the sphenoid sinus?

large, air-filled space in the sphenoid bone

where is the frontal brain located in terms of the nasal cavity?

superiorly

what does the cribriform plate separate?

nasal and cranial cavities

can you access the frontal lobe and pituitary gland from the nose?

yes

what is mucosal lining?

highly vascularized lining that heats and humidify the air. traps anything that is harmful.

what is olfactory mucosa?

specialized membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity that contains sensory nerve endings for smell, stimulating cranial nerve I, made up from epithelium and lamina propria

where is olfactory mucosa found?

superior nasal conchae

what is an olfactory bulb?

bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin

list characteristics of olfactory mucosa.

olfactory nerve

2 multiple choice options

what type of mucosa is found in the middle and inferior concha?

respiratory

list characteristics of respiratory mucosa.

cilia: motile because it clears out all debris and move mucus along

3 multiple choice options

what are paranasal sinuses?

extensions of the nasal cavity at frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary. aids in vocalization

what is epistaxis?

nose bleed

which way do you lean your head during epistaxis and why?

to the front because the nasal cavity has lots of vasculature.

what artery supplies the nasal cavity?

the internal and external carotid artery

what is rhinitis?

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

what is sinusitus?

inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses

how many sections of the pharynx are there?

three

what are the sections of the the pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

what is the nasopharynx?

air passageway posterior to nasal cavity

what is the oropharynx?

passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis

What is the laryngopharynx?

lower portion that extends to hyoid bone, air and food.

what is the buccinator muscle?

thin/flat muscle of cheek between upper & lower jaw. Compresses the cheeks and lets out air between lips

what does the buccinator muscle connect to?

the pharyngeal constrictors

what are pharyngeal tonsils?

masses of lymphatic tissue in posterior wall of pharynx.

what is the pharyngotympanic tube?

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx; equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure

what does the soft palate do?

when contraction occurs, it prevents food from moving up into the nasal cavity.

where are the palatine tonsils located?

lateral oropharynx, between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

where are the lingual tonsils located?

back of tongue, posterior tongue

what innervates all tongue muscles?

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

what does the genioglossus muscle do?

protrudes tongue

what does the mylohyoid muscle do?

elevates the floor of the mouth during swallowing and elevates the hyoid bone, which pushes the tongue upward during swallowing or tongue protrusion

what does the geniohyoid muscle do?

pulls the hyoid forward and up

elevates the larynx

what are the four nerves of tongue sensory innervation?

vagus, glossopharyngeal, trigeminal, and facial

what part of the tongue does the vagus nerve innervation and what does it do?

back of the tongue(internal laryngeal branch) -general sensation and taste

what part of the tongue does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervation and what does it do?

posterior 1/3 of tongue- general sensation

what part of the tongue does the facial nerve innervation and what does it do?

anterior 2/3 of tongue- taste

what is a middle ear infection?

bacterial infection common in kids. dullness/swelling in the tympanic membrane. fluid is produced as a result. Treated with antibiotics.

how is the eustachian tube in serous otitis media?

the eustachian tube is blocked and not allow fresh air to ventilate the middle ear. in children, the tub cannot fully drain due to it's horizontal position.

what inflamed tonsil will block that airway?

palatine

what is the epiglottis?

a flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing

what is the thyroid gland?

a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism, it is anterior to the trachea.

What is the thyrohyoid membrane?

membrane between thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. highly vascularized. located about airway so blood can enter

what is the thyroid cartilage?

largest hyaline cartilage, protrudes anteriorly which forms the Adam's apple

what is the laryngeal prominence?

The prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage ("Adam's apple")

what is the cricoid cartilage?

a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx, the clinical landmark for tracheotomy

what is the cricothyroid membrane?

connects thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage. it also connects to the true vocal cords

what is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

tenses vocal cords

what is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

the ONLY muscle to abduct vocal cords.

what is the valsalva maneuver?

forced expiration against a closed glottis

what is a cricothyrotomy?

incision of the larynx through the cricothyroid membrane, short term

what is a tracheotomy?

surgical incision into trachea for purpose of establishing an airway, long term