Cell Biology, Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport

Collective Term for Sperm Cells, Ova, Pollen, and Ovules

Gametes

Differences Between Light and Electron Microscopes

Light: visible light, lower magnification and resolution, suitable for living specimens; Electron: beam of electrons, higher magnification and resolution, not suitable for living specimens

Specializations of Root Hair Cells

Long, thin shape; Microscopic root hairs; Specialized transport proteins

Viewing Living Specimens in an Electron Microscope

Not possible due to vacuum conditions

Calculating Total Magnification

Total Magnification = Magnification of Eyepiece (Ocular) × Magnification of Objective Lens

Specializations of Neutrons

No charge, found in nucleus, essential for nuclear stability and reactions

Cell Differentiation

Unspecialized cells developing into specialized cells with specific functions

Cell Differentiation in Plants vs. Animals

Plants: continuous throughout life; Animals: mostly during embryonic development

Clone

Genetically identical copy of an organism

Parts of a Microscope

Eyepiece, Objective lenses, Stage, Light source, Diaphragm, Coarse and fine focus knobs, Arm, Base

Function of a Permanent Vacuole

Stores water, nutrients, and waste products; Provides turgor pressure in plant cells

Specialized Cells

Red Blood Cell: Carries oxygen, biconcave shape; Root Hair Cell: Absorbs water and nutrients, long projections; Muscle Cell: Contracts for movement; Ciliated Cell: Moves mucus and debris with cilia; Palisade Mesophyll Cell: Photosynthesis, closely packed chloroplasts; Sperm Cell: Fertilizes egg, streamlined for motility; Egg Cell: Nourishes and houses developing embryos

Gas Diffused Out of Cells

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Gas Diffused Into Cells

Oxygen (O2)

Definition of Diffusion

Passive movement of particles from higher to lower concentration

Waste Product Diffused Out of Cells

Urea

Euglena Cell Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Large surface area increases rate of diffusion

Surface Area's Effect on Diffusion

Larger surface area facilitates faster diffusion

Temperature's Effect on Diffusion

Higher temperatures increase rate of diffusion

Concentration's Effect on Diffusion

Higher concentration gradients lead to faster diffusion

Human Lungs Adapted for Efficient Gaseous Exchange

Alveoli provide large surface area, thin walls, moist surfaces

Fish Gills Adapted for Efficient Gaseous Exchange

Gill filaments increase surface area, countercurrent exchange system

Plant Roots and Leaves Adapted for Efficient Gaseous Exchange

Roots have root hairs, leaves have stomata and spongy mesophyll

Features Allowing Efficient Gaseous Exchange

Large surface area, thin exchange surfaces, moist surfaces, maintaining a concentration gradient

Osmosis Definition

Passive movement of water across a partially permeable membrane

Partially Permeable Membrane

Allows some substances to pass through while blocking others

Cell in Pure Water

Water moves into the cell, cell swells or becomes turgid

Osmosis in Humans

Absorption of water by small intestine, urine formation in kidneys

Osmosis in Plants

Water absorption in root cells, regulation of water loss in leaf cells

Drawing Arrow for Water Movement

Arrow pointing from higher to lower water concentration across a membrane, labeled as 'Water (H2O) - Osmosis'

Active Transport Definition

Movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradient, requires energy

Energy Source for Active Transport

Organisms release energy, typically ATP, to drive active transport processes

Active Transport in Humans

Sodium-potassium pumps in nerve cells, absorption of nutrients in small intestine, reabsorption of ions in kidneys