Comprehensive Neuroscience and Genetics: From Heritability to Visual Perception

heritablility

How likely it will pass on. from 0 to 1, 1 being guaranteed to pass on

Epigenetics

turns on and off genes throughout lifespan

Acetyl group

Turns on dna

Methyl group

Turns off dna

Homeobox Genes

The boss genes that controls what what other genes turn on and off

CAG overload

causes huntingtons

Histones

protein that bind DNA into a shape that resembles a string wound around a ball

Neural Tube

Baby part that turns into different parts of the brain

Immunoglobins and chemokines

guide neuron migration

Synaptogenesis

formation of a synapse

14C

radioactive isotope of carbon

Neurotrophin

brain nurishment

Sperry Newts

flipped an eye upside down and the neurons still went where they were supposed to go

Brain-derived neurotropic factor

neurons will die without neurotrophin which culls the herd in a normal brain

Gastrulation

an early stage of embryo development that is vunlerable

Fetal alcohol syndrome

alcohol turns off the neurons in baby brain leading to them dying from no nourishment

Closed head injury

a damage to the brain from colliding with the skull with no open wound

Stroke

temporary loss of normal blood flow to a part of the brain

Ischemia

blood clot that causes a stroke

hemorrhage

stroke that is cause by blood drowning the brain

Penumbra

around the most damage

Tissue plasminogen activator

breaks up blood clots

Restraint therapy

restraining the good limb helps the bad limb heal faster and better

Collateral sprouts

neuron will sprout out to make up for another neuron dying

Denervation super sensitivity

neurons will get more sensitive to make up for dead neurons

Phantom limb

happens because of collateral sprouting making you feel the limb because the neurons close to the gone limb make up for the dead neurons

Amarcine cells

refine the response of bipolar and ganglion cells

Horizontal cells

receives input from receptors and inhibits inputs to bipolar cells.

Lateral geniculate nucleus

most optic nerves go here

Optic nerve

the nerve highway to the brain

Blind spot

place at back of retina where optic nerve exits and there are no receptors there

Fovea

tiny area of the retina that is for specialized acute vision

periphery of the retina

many rods go into bipolar cells increasing sensitivity to light and lower sensitivity to where it is

Rods

The light and movement receptors in da eye. lot more rods than cones

Cones

the color receptors in da brain

photopigments

chemicals that make color

Lateral inhibition

more excited receptors less happy neighbor receptors

Trichormatic Theory of Color Vision

we see color based on how large the wave is. blue for short, green for medium, red for long

Parvocellular neurons

near the fovea for special vision

Magnocellular neurons

neurons for most of your retina

Hubel and Wiesel

Nobel prize winners that found the simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells from putting microelectrodes in the back of a cat brain.

simple cell

Very picky, need right angle and place to excite

Complex cell

less picky, will excite more the closer the angle is, anywhere in receptive field will work

hypercomplex cells

can be in most of the receptive field but will stop if even a part of the shape goes over the end. excite more based on angle

Columnar organization

common sense layout of the simple cells in the primary visual cortex

Aphantasia

no visual imagery at all

Hyperphantasia

can imagine a visual scene almost as vividly as actually seeing it

blindsight

telling light without being able to "see"

Opponent process theory

Colors have opposites and when one is stimmed the other is stimmed after as a bounce back

Retinex theory

the ability to tell color even when light changes

stereoscopic depth

3D vision

Strabismus

Lazy eye

Astigmatism

makes lines go crazy

Ventral stream

The "What" path. the path to identifying objects

Dorsal stream

WHERE path. where is the thing

Inferior Temporal cortex

the specialized part of the

Visual agnosia

no being able to recognize objects

Prosopagnosia

unable to recognize faces

Saccads

when you look and it doesn't blur the stuff in-between

Frequency

pitch/loudness of thing

Amplitude

intensity of sound wave TALL WAVES

frequency

amount of cycles per second, LONG WAVES

Pitch

the frequency of sound.

Pinna

the outside ear

Tympanic membrane

Ear drum

Cochlea

the inner ear that has auditory receptors

Hair cells

in the basilar membrane in cochlea

Basilar membrane

in cochlea has hair cells on it

Frequency theory

you will vibrate at same frequency as the sound. bad for high pitches that action potentials cannot keep up with

Place theory

higher pitch is close lower pitch is deep in the cochlea

planum temporale

processes the experiences you have of sound source moving

Time of arrival

the sound will travel through your head allowing you to tell where a sound is coming from

Amusia

tone deafness

conductive deafness

the bone in middle ear fails to transmit sound by passing middle ear

Nerve deafness

nerve death makes so you cant hear

Vestibular sensations

allows you to read when head be bobbin

Somaticsensation

sensory network that monitors the surface of the body and its movements

Pacinian corpuscles

feel very light, but get tired fast so you dont feel long

Primary somatosensory cortex

essential for touch, also phantom limb comes from damage here and collateral sprouting

Substance P

Tells you when there is a strong pain

Cannabinoids

reduce inflammation and inhibit release of glutamate and GABA

Taste receptors

not true neurons but modified skin cells that replace every 10-14 days

Papillar

the thing that has taste buds

Miraculin

stuff in miracle berries that makes sweet receptors react to sour

Insula

primary taste cortex

VNO vomernasal organ

the pheromones' organ that useless for people

Glomerules

single cluster of olfactory bulbs

Synesthesia

Mixing up the senses

Striated muscles

control movement of the body in relation to the environment

Stretch reflex

the contraction of a muscle in response to stretch of that muscle

Golgi tendon organs

the things that make it so you dont hurt yourself while working out

Motor programs

fixed sequence of movements, rat will groom even if no hands

Mirror neurons

Cells that are active during a movement and while watching someone else perform the same movement

Corticospinal tracts

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Tracts

Bundles of axons in the CNS

Dorsolateral tract

Set of Axons from PMC, surrounding areas, and midbrain area that primarily responsible for controlling the peripheral muscles

Ventromedial tract

Set of axons from many parts of the cerebral cortex, midbrain and neck, shoulders, and trunk.

Purkinje cells

tell a muscle how much to contract

globus pallidus

gets gapped by huntingtons, and turned off in parkinsons