1750-1900 AP World Must Knows

1750-1900 AP World Must Knows

Scientific Revolution

a major change in European thinking in the mid-1500s that led to the questioning of old theories and the birth of modern science

Empirical

based on observation or experiment

Natural Laws

laws that govern human nature and cannot be changed

The Enlightenment

a time period in European history when Scientific thinking/rational approach/logic led to new political ideas. Led the belief in Natural Rights.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

End of Absolutism

the end of absolutism happened with the increase belief in natural rights which made it illogical to believe that a King is above everyone else.

Social Contract

a voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

American Revolution

the revolution of the 13 British colonies in North America against England. Established a radical form of government, representative democracy.

Representative Democracy

a system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

Revolt of Tupac Amaru II

a revolt led by Jose Gabriel who changed his name to Tupac Amaru II and led mestizo peasants and people of native ancestry against Spain to fight terrible treatment and low class status and attempted to overthrow Spanish Rule.

Coerced Labor

a system where the workers were forced to work based on threats, pressure, or intimidation.

French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789. More radical than the American revolution and had a much higher body count and less overall success. Napoleon takes over after the French king is overthrown.

Universal Male Suffrage

all male citizens gain the right to vote

Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre takes over France and starts a reign of terror against the rich because he believed that it was the only way to root out all injustices. 40 thousand people are executed for being suspected of not supporting the revolution.

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves. Was the most radical of the revolutions and won the most collective freedom.

Mexican War of Independence

Starts as a social rebellion. Led by Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo who was horrified by the treatment of poor natives and mestizos. His army outnumbered the well trained Spanish soldiers 10 to 1 but was quickly defeated. Creoles use the chaos to turn the revolution against Spain itself.

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Gran Colombia

Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

Declaration of Independence

July 4th, 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A french document that stated that the people of France wanted their natural rights and a limited monarchy. This document was a justification for the French Revolution.

Jamaica Letter

A document written by Simon Bolivar that justified his reasons for started a revolution in Latin America. It was written while he is in exile after 1st failed attempt for Gran Colombian Revolution, outlines why South America should be free from Spain.

Abolition of Slavery

The outlawing of slavery and the discussion of the abolition of slavery was started by enlightenment ideas.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written. Took place in the US.

End of Serfdom (Russia)

Russian Czar ends serfdom after realizing that Russia needs to modernize following an embarrassing loss in the Crimean War.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state not the feelings of people

Unified Germany

1860s-1870s Otto von Bismark unified Germany through a series of small strategic wars against Denmark, Austria, and France

Unified Italy

started in the 1860s. In Italy, activists get help from France and they boot Austria out of Italy. They appealed to the collective "Italianness" of people to help create a unified Italy.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions against the creoles. Was quickly defeated, but his revolt was used to generate support for a revolution against Spain by the Creoles.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Had a dream of a unified South America called Gran Columbia.

Tupac Amaru II

The leader of a revolt in the Andes Mountains (Peru). His name was previously Jose Gabriel. He led mestizo peasants and people of native ancestry against Spain to fight terrible treatment and low-class status and attempted to overthrow Spanish Rule. He was publicly tortured and killed.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." First feminist and believed natural rights should be applied to women too.

Olympe de Gouges

fights for right to women’s suffrage during French Revolution. Was very upset that “liberal” France granted voting rights to all men but ignored the rights of women. She was later beheaded in the chaos that followed.

Frederick Douglass

a slave who frees himself in USA and becomes a leading abolitionist. Uses arguments of enlightenment to point out hypocrisy in US slavery.

Susan B Anthony

fights for women's suffrage in the USA, argument based on enlightenment ideals.

Otto Von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714). Unified the German state with realpolitik philosophy.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Machines

devices that allow you to do work in an easier way

Previous manufacturing continuity

Textile production in India and Egypt, iron work in China and India, Ship building in the Islamic world

Textile manufacturing

Turning cotton and other materials into clothes

Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Europe

Increase in Captial, location on Atlantic Ocean, lots of rivers and canals, lots of natural resources, more agricultural productivity, and more people living in cities

Capital

Money used for investment

Steam engines

Helped start the industrial revolution, and perfected by James Watt in the 1760s. Was a train engine that used coal to produce steam and power the train.

Private property rights

the concept that people have the right and privilege to control their possessions as they wish

enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Urbanization

An increased number of people moving to cities

Internal Combustion Engine

A train engine that was used by the second industrial revolution and uses oil/gasoline as a source of power

Fossil Fuels

Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.

Factory System

People learn to do one task over and over and they perfect it. Used to greatly increase productivity.

Increased Productivity

Making/doing more things at a faster rate

First Industrialized Countries

England, USA and Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Russia and Japan

First Industrial Revolution

A more connected world. Creates developments in communication and transportation: railroads, canals, steamships, telegraph machine, interchangeable parts.

Railroads

Development of the first industrial revolution and are long tracks of steel and wood that allow trains to move from one destination to the next.

Canals

Development of the first industrial revolution and are human-made water ways that connect two bodies of water.

Steamships

Development of the first industrial revolution and are boats that run off of steam power.

Telegraph Machine

Development of the first industrial revolution and is a machine that was used to send messages over a wire.

Interchangeable parts

Development of the first industrial revolution and are identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers. Used to help create and repair machines.

Second Industrial Revolution

1Steel860s - 1900s and was a period of rapid growth of manufacturing in the US. Caused the development of steel, chemicals, combustion engine, and electricity.

steel

Developed during the second industrial revolution and became widely produced and is a form of iron that is more flexible and durable.

Chemicals

Developed during the second industrial revolution and are used in cleaning or added to another product to create something else.

Electricity

Developed during the second industrial revolution and became widely used as a way to power lights and keep factories running with sufficient light.

Increasing globalized economy

World trade is the biggest it has ever been and raw materials are being sent all over the world to factories in Western Europe and the USA.

HSBC

Short for Hong Kong and Shanghai China Banking Corporation. It was a very large global bank and was started as a source for capital for the new opium business in China after the Opium War.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital and free enterprise.

Gold Standard

tying all global currency to a specific amount of gold

Banking

Smart people figure out how to use it and abuse it to lend money to wanna-be factory owners.

Affordable consumer goods

goods produced and able to be bought by the average consumer.

Socialism

Developed as a theory in reaction against capitalism. Questioned why the poor should be risking their lives in dangerous and dirty factories in the richest countries on earth while other men become billionaires with no hard factory work.

Communism

Developed as a radical form of socialism. Wanted wealth to be shared but did not think that democracy could convince the rich to share their wealth with the poor. Communists wanted a revolution where the poor would rise up and take wealth violently from the rich. The theory was partially created by Karl Marx.

Marxism

Radical social equality for all people, regardless of race, nationality, religion, or gender. Along with Communism these theories made up the philosophy of Marxism.

Labor Unions

Organizations created to unite workers and workers would go on strike if necessary to demand higher wages and less working hours.

Public Education

A universal education system provided by the government and funded by tax revenues rather than student fees

Meat and Drug Inspection Act

Prohibited the sale of misbranded livestock and required that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.

Child Labor

Using children to work in factories and businesses. Laws were eventually passed against child labor.

Work Safety Codes

Laws outlining safety conditions that must be met and guaranteeing no more than an 8 hour workday.

Strikes

Labor unions refusing to work to demand higher wages and less working hours

"Sick Man of Europe"

the ottoman empire was referred to the sick man of europe. Europe was waiting for it to die (fall) so it could colonize

Tanzimat Reforms

A set of reforms by the Ottomans to try to become more secular (less Islamic) and more like Europe. Created total religious equality, some smaller factories, railroads.

Young turks

extremely liberal and radical. They want to make Turkey totally secular (no Islam laws) and they want total gender equality and turkish nationalism.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A movement where China tries to catch up to western Europe and they make machines, build railroads, try to build modern weapons and ships like those of the Brits that had embarrassed them. It was too little too late and was not effective as Chinas Confucianism makes them hesitant about capitalism, trade, and change.

Meji Restoration

A small group of business and military elites change economy, and focus on production: railroads, telegraphs, steamships, and public education.