week 1 levels of organisation

anatomy

study of internal and external body structures and physical relationships among other body parts

physiology

how living organisms perform vital functions

level of organisation from smallest to largest

atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

cellular level

smallest living units in the body

cells with a membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm

cells can differentiate to make specialised cells for specific functions

tissue

a group of cells working together for a specific function

epithelia

flat structures that cover surfaces, glands and provide secretions

connective tissues

fill internal spaces, provide structure and act as a store for energy

muscle tissue

contracts to provide active movement

neural tissue

conducts electrical impulses, to communicate and coordinate

organ

2 or more tissues working together to provide a specific function

organ systems

a group of organs interacting to perform a specific function

integumentary system

provide protection, thermoregulation and sensation

Skeletal system

provide support and structure, protection and movement, stores calcium and minerals, forms blood cells

Muscular system

provides movement, protection and support, generates heat for thermoregulation

Nervous System

coordination and communication, sensory information

Endocrine System

release of hormones to respond to internal changes, long term changes

cardiovascular system

gas exchange, transports of nutrients and waste, distibutes heat

digestive system

digestion, transport of nutrients, energy storage

Respiratory system

gas exchange, transport of o2 and co2, ventilation

Urinary system

excretion (removing waste), water regulation

Reproductive system

reproduction, supporting the developing fetus

lymphatic system

immune defense, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the trunk

distal

furthest from the trunk

anterior

front

posterior

back

cranial

towards head

caudal

towards tail

thoracic cavity

deep in the chest wall

contains the pericardial cavity (surrounds heart) and the left and right pleural cavity (surrounds the lung and is surrounded by pleura

abdomino-pelvic cavity

deep to the abdominal and pelvic walls

contains the peritoneal cavity (potential space lines by peritoneum), the abdominal cavity (the inferior diaphragm to superior pelvis, containing the liver, stomach, spleen, small and part of the large intestine), the pelvic cavity (inferior to the abdominal cavity, contains the bladder, reproductive system and the distal large intestine

dorsal cavity

contans the brain and spinal cord

ventral cavity

contains the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs

homeostasis

maintaining a constant internal environment

negative feedback

opposing variation from normal to return them to normal levels

positive feedback

amplifies the original change away from normal

autoregulation

the cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts in rsponse

extrinsic regulation

activity from the nervous system or the endocrine system

body cavities

closed, fluid-filled and lined by a thin tissue layer (serous membrane)

functions are protection of internal organs, and to allow changes in shape and size of internal organs