Biology 1-2,8-11

Photosynthysis, cell resperation

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work 5 carbon sugar ribose and 3 phosphate groups

Heterotrophs/Consumers

organisms that cannot make their own food

Autotrophs/Producers

organisms that make their own food

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose.

Pigments

Colored chemical compounds that absorb light

chlorophyll

any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms

thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

NADP+

one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll and to other molecules

Light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Light-independent reactions

phase of photosynthesis where energy form light dependent reactions is used to produced glucose and additional ATP molecules

photosystems

proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters

Electron Transport Chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

ATP Synthase

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP, in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

C4 Photosynthesis

dry environment; minimize excessive water loss

CAM Plants

Crassulacen acid metabolism. This plant stores carbon dioxide at night, and releases it during the day increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.

calorie

unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure

Cellular Respiration

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

aerobic

process that requires oxygen

anaerobic

process that does not require oxygen

glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

ATP production in Glycolysis

4 are made to are required with a net production of 2 ATP molecules

Krebs Cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Mitochondria Matrix

the surface area exposed to fluids, where the production of energy takes place, in a mitochondrion

Fermentation

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Kinds of fermentation and diffrence

Alcoholic can be continually done Lactic acid forms CO2

Lipid Bond

Ester Bonds

Characteristics of living things

Made up of cells, reproduce, based on universal genetic code, grow and develop, obtain and use energy, respond to environment, maintain stable internal environment, change over time

Carbohydrate Bond

Glycosidic Bonds

What kind of bond is glycosidic

Between carbs, covalent

Function of carbs

Provide energy and structural support (plants)

How is carb energy stored in plants?

As starch, a polysaccharide.

How is carb energy stored in animals?

Glycogen

Carb Chemicals and ratio

CHO, 1:2:1

Lipid Chemicals

CHO

Lipid Bond name and formation

ester bond, formed by dehydration synthasis

Lipid Examples

Triglyceride- long term energy storage

Phospholipid- Cell membrane
Cholesterol- Makes membanes fluid

Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid

saturated have single bonds and are tightly packed, solid at room temp
unsaturated have double bonds and are liquid at room temp

Protein Chemicals

CHON

What is a protien made of (groups)

Amino Group, R group, carboxyl group

Polymers of a protien

dipeptide, polypeptide

Protien bond and type

peptide bond, covalent, made through dehydration synthasis

protien naming rule

-in

what detirmines the function of a protien

structure

What is denaturing

When a protien changes shape so it no longer has the same function

what causes denaturing

heat, salt, chewing

Nucleic acid chemicals

CHONP

neucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

Protein monomer

amino acid

What are the parts of a neucleotide

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, sugar

DNA nucleotide

Deoxyribose sugar, Thymine nitrogenous base

RNA nucleotide

Ribose sugar Uracil nitrogenous base

What is an enzyme

A protien that serves as a catalyst to speed up the rate of reactions

What do enzymes do

Reduce activation energy

How do enzymes reduce activation energy?

Bringing substrates together and weakening bonds of substrate.

Chromatin

Equation for photosynthasis

6CO2+6H2O –> C6H12O6+6O2