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attention
the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment
selective attention
attending to one thing while ignoring others
divided attention
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
unilateral neglect syndrome
patients are unable to attend to inputs coming from one side of the body
dichotic listening tasks
different audio inputs presented to each ear via headphones
shadowing
repeat out loud the information from the attended channel
participants of the dichotic listening tasks are clueless about what?
participants are generally clueless about the semantic content of the unattended channel
the cocktail party effect
the ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment
one proposal about how we can explain general insensitivity to the unattended channel and also information that leaks through?
we block unattended inputs with a filter, we block potential distractors, and attended inputs are not filtered out
Broadbent’s filter model
an early selection model.
messages → sensory memory → filter → detector → short-term memory
inattentional blindness
the failure to see a prominent stimulus, even if one is starring right at it
change blindness
the inability to detect changes in a scenario despite looking at it directly
what can inattentional blindness and change blindness result from:
a failure to perceive the stimulus
a failure to remember the stimulus
late selection
stimuli that are not attended to can nevertheless affect perception
early selection
electrical brain activity for attended inputs differs from activity for unattended inputs within 80 ms
biased competition theory
attention creates a temporary bias in neuron sensitivity
repetition priming
priming produced by a prior encounter with the stimulus
expectation-driven priming
detector for inputs you think are upcoming are deliberately primed
spatial attention
your ability to focus attention on a specific location in space
precueing
directing attention without moving the eyes
what does the control system for attention include?
orienting system
altering system
executive system
orienting system
disengage attention from one target → shift attention to a new target → engage attention on the new target
alerting system
maintain alert state in the brain
executive system
control voluntary actions
which factors influence what people attend to?
visual prominence
level of interest
importance
beliefs and expectations
culture
Ultra-rare item effect
rare items get overlooked. it is unlikely to notice troubling items in a scene because you don’t see it frequently
endogenous control of attention
sometimes you choose what to pay attention to
exogenous control of attention
sometimes an element of the scene “seizes” your attention whether you like it or not
Treisman and Gelade: Feature-integration theory
people must focus attention on a stimulus before they can synthesize its features into a pattern
divided attention
the skill of performing mulitple tasks simultaneously
what can restrict us when multitasking?
our mental resources
preservation error
the tendency to produce the same response over and over when the task clearly requires a change in response
