Correctional Systems and Practices- Exam 1

What is ethical formalism?

a philosophical touchstone that is referenced as a guide to human decision making

Define discretion?

the ability to make chouces and act or not act on those choices

What is the mark system and how was it used?

a graduated reward system where prisoners could earn points for good behavior, entitled them to privileges

Who focused on ethical formalism?

Immanuel Kant

What is Utilitarianism?

greatest good for the greatest number of people

How did the Quakers impact prisons in Pennsylvania?

Nonviolence and quiet contemplation, solitary and separate

Which early prison focused on complete solitary confinement?

Western Pennsylvania Prison

Which facility represented being sent "up the river"?

Sing Sing Prison on the Hudson River

Who prepares a PSI?

probation officers

What is the recidivism rate of drug courts?

do not have a high rate

What is sentence disparity and what is its biggest concern

Occurs when there is a wide variation in sentencesreceived by different offenders, racial disparity

What is an indeterminate sentence?

Sentence in which the actual number of years aperson may serve is not fixed, but a range of years

What is the difference between a concurrent and a consecutive sentence?

concurrent is run at the same time, overlapping
consecutive is one after the other, you must complete one to begin another

What is shock probation?

Exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for ashort period of time (90 days typically), followed byprobation

What is a split-sentence?

Is work release, whereby a person is consigned to aspecial portion of the jail on weekends and nights butreleased to go to work during the day

How does negative subculture affect correctional environments?

it can lead to people behaving unethically

How does the U.S. compare to others in relation to incarceration rates?

we have the highest in the world

What is justice?

A moral concept that is difficult to define, but inessence means to treat people in waysconsistent with norms of fairness and inaccordance with what they justly deserve byvirtue of their behavior.

Define ethics?

the study of right and wrong

What is the difference between teleological and deontological ethical systems?

Deontological focuses on the act itself
Teleological focuses on the consequences of an action

When did solitary confinement formally end?

1913

What is the solitary and separate system and what prison devised this method?

Western and Eastern Pennsylvania Prison, keep the prisoners separate from each other to avoid "contamination"

What is the Pennsylvania prison model?

Separation of inmates under system was to be complete, solidary confinement was meant for reform or rehabilitation

How did Cesare Beccaria's book On Crime and Punishment impact the prison system?

It argued for the abolition of the death penalty, swiftness, certainty, and severity, and written punishments

What instituted the Great Law?

William Penn in 1682, it deemphasized use of corporal and capital punishments for all but most serious offenses

What is the medical model?

is a rehabilitation model that assumes criminals aresick and need treatment

Define rehabilitation?

changing offenders attitudes to not want to commit crime?

What are correctional institutions?

entities that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiencies

How does money impact correctional policy decisions?

whatever is most cost effective will be used whether thats good or bad??

What was the first correctional facility to develop?

jails

What are bridewells?

Early workhouses to hold and whip "beggars, prostitutes, and nightwalkers"

What is transportation?

practice of using privatized sentences exiling convicts and sending them to penal colonies

Who was John Howard?

sheriff of Bedford, believed jails and prisons should have a set of standards (American Corrections Association), prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform

What is a panopticon prison design?

rounded prison design in which multitiered cells are build around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed-Wagon Wheel

What is hedonism?

all life goals are desirable only as a means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain

Positivism

Late 19th century, need for empirical science, led to dismissal of classical school notions

Reintegration

Goal is to use time offenders serve to prepare them to reenter into society as well equipped as possible, assumes that individuals can be transformed through effective programming

What is general deterrence?

focuses on the prevention of criminal behavior in the public as a whole

When did Beaumont and Tocqueville come to America?

1831?

What is the purpose of corrections?

serves as the primary function of management, supervision, and treatment of accused and convicted individuals

What is penology?

the study of the process adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime

What is the Code of Hammurabi?

the earliest known written code of punishment, law of retaliation, eye for eye

What was Bentham's philosophy of utility?

greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

When did positivism emerge?

The late 19th century