axial and appendicular muscles

Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of the forehead when the occipitalis is contracted. When the occipitalis is relaxed, it draws the skin anteriorly.

Frontalis

Pulls the skin of the head posteriorly.

Occipitalis

Together, they flex the head by flexing the cervical portion of the vertebral column. Alone they turn the head in the direction opposite of the contraction.

Sternocleidomastoid

Acts with the masseter to raise and pull back the mandible.

Temporalis

Raises and pulls back the lower mandible, closes the mouth, and clenches the teeth. It also may move the mandible from side to side.

Masseter

Closes and protrudes the lips. Pulls the lips back against the teeth.

Orbicularis oris

Located around the eye and lies beneath the eyelid. It causes the eye to close or blink.

Orbicularis oculi

A sphincter-like muscle on the nose that functions to flare or dilate the nostrils.

Nasalis

A small cheek muscle that is involved in the expression of emotion, like smiling.

Zygomaticus minor

A cheek muscle that extends down to the mouth. It draws the mouth upward and backward when laughing.

Zygomaticus major

Elevates and draws the scapula medially. It also extends and / or flexes the head.

Levator scapulae

Extends the head when contracting together, and rotates the head when contracting singly.

Splenius capitis

Depresses and abducts the scapula, rotates it down, and stabilizes it.

Pectoralis minor

Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the humerus inward.

Pectoralis major

Abducts the scapula and rotates it upward. It also lifts the ribs when the scapula is fixed.

Serratus anterior

Compresses the abdomen and can rotate the vertebral column.

Internal oblique

Flexes the lumbar region of the vertebral column and compresses the abdomen.

Rectus abdominis

Elevates and/or adducts the scapula, rotates the scapula up or down, and draws the head back when the shoulders are fixed.

Trapezius

Elevates and helps the scapula rotate when adducting the arm.

Rhomboideus minor + Rhomboideus major

Aids the deltoid when abducting the arm at the humerus.

Supraspinatus

Laterally rotates and abducts the arm at the shoulder.

Infraspinatus

Laterally rotates, extends, and adducts the humerus at the shoulder and stabilizes the elbow joint.

Teres minor

Assists the extension of the humerus, medially rotates the humerus, and helps rotate the scapula downward.

Teres major

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder. Also draws the arm inferiorly and posteriorly.

Latissimus dorsi

Connective tissue that acts as the origin for muscles of the lower back.

Lumbodorsal fascia

Abducts the arm at the shoulder, flexes and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder, and extends and laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder.

Deltoid

Flexes the arm and forearm at the shoulder and elbow, respectively, and rotates the radius to supinate the hand.

Biceps brachii

Flexes the forearm at the elbow.

Brachialis

Extends the forearm and arm at the elbow and shoulder, respectively.

Triceps brachii

Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist functioning in radial hand movement at the wrist.

Extensor carpi radialis

Pronates the forearm and aids in flexing the forearm at the elbow.

Pronator teres

Flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist.

Flexor carpi radialis

Extends the four medial digits, spreads the digits as it extends them, and extends the wrist if the fingers are flexed.

Extensor digitorum

Flexes the forearm at the elbow and supinates and pronates the forearm at the joint between the radius and ulna so the forearm is in a neutral position.

Brachioradialis

Flexes the four medial digits.

Flexor digitorium

Flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist.

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexes and rotates the thigh away from the midline at the hip.

Tensor fasciae latae

Flexes and draws the thigh toward the midline at the hip and medially rotates the thigh.

Pectineus

Adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip.

Adductor longus

Flexes the calf at the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh if flexed at the hip.

Sartorius

Extends the leg at the knee.

Vastus medialis + Vastus lateralis

Extends the leg at the knee. Also flexes the thigh at the hip.

Rectus femoris

Laterally rotates and extends the thigh at the hip.

Gluteus maximus

Flexes the leg at the knee, extends the thigh at the hip, and medially rotates the thigh.

Semitendinosus

Flexes the leg at the knee, extends the thigh at the hip, and medially rotates the tibia.

Semimembranosus

Flexes the leg at the knee, extends the thigh at the hip, and rotates the thigh laterally if flexed.

Biceps femori

Dorsally flexes the foot at the ankle and inverts and adducts the foot.

Tibialis anterior

Extends the four lateral toes and everts the foot at the ankle.

Extensor digitorum longus

Everts and abducts the foot. It also weakly provides plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle and everts the foot at the intertarsal joints.

Peroneus longus

Plantar flexes the foot at the ankle and flexes the leg at the knee (when not bearing weight).

Gastrocnemius

Plantar flexes the foot at the ankle; it is located beneath the gastrocnemius.

Soleus

Originates from the muscles of the calf (gastrocnemius/soleus) and inserts on calcaneus.

Calcaneal tendon

Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity.

Patellar ligament