module quizzes/terms for FINAL EXAM

A tubal ligation is a surgical procedure in which the Fallopian tubes are severed, and then tied. How would this cause sterility?

Oocytes cannot move to the uterus.

In humans, the transparent sac that contains fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature and pressure is the

amnion.

\n Mature human sperm cells

are haploid.

The 2 cm. long structure in the human female that stimulates the female to experience orgasm is the

clitoris

\n The causes of PMS are clearly related to hormonal fluctuations, but they are not yet fully understood.

true

The gland that forms from ruptured follicle cells in the ovary and secretes estrogen and progesterone is the

corpus luteum.

What evidence would cause you to think that a preembryo had split before day 12 of a patient's pregnancy?

identical twins

In organisms that reproduce sexually, ________ are the sex cells that carry the genetic information from each parent.

haploid gametes

if a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?

because the tumor is recognized as a foreign antigen and is being attacked

A phagocyte is a cell that

engulfs other cells and debris.

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are

plasma cells.

The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell.

false

Which is not a major part of the immune system?

pancreas

\n When a baby receives antibodies in breast milk, this is an example of passive immunity.

true

\n In sequence of their occurrence, the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

A diuretic is a substance that

increases the volume of urine

If a bird can mimic human speech, it can mimic the action of what organ?

larynx

the functional unit of a kidney is a

nephron.

Most multivitamins should be taken with a meal in order to

help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

\n The human circulatory system transports blood in a one-directional circuit throughout the body.

true

\n Blood pressure is the force that

blood exerts on the walls of the arteries.

The type of skeleton that is usually composed of either a calcium-containing shell or chitin is a(n)

exoskeleton.

What connective tissue provides a mold that bone replaces until bone growth is complete?

cartilage

The type of neuron that conducts its message from the central nervous system toward an effector is the

motor neuron.

If asked to point to the place on a model of the brain where essential functions such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and swallowing are regulated, you would point to the

medulla oblongata.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which a person produces antibodies against myelin. How would this affect the nervous system?

Nerve impulses would travel more slowly.

epithelial tissue

coat body’s internal and external surfaces

connective tissue

tendons, blood, bone, cartilage. bind other tissues together and provide firm/flexible structures to support organs

muscle tissue

cells that contract/relax providing movement to the body and organs

nervous tissue

neurons are cells in nervous tissue that send/receive signals around the body

organ systems

work together to carry out movement/functions of the body

nervous system

controls skeletal and muscular systems that balance and move body

circulatory system

nutrients absorbed from digestive system and moved around the body. nutrients converted to energy by cells.

respiratory system

absorbs oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide

endocrine system

produces hormones that help regulate heart rate, metabolic rate, and body fluid composition.

integumentary systems

gives off excessive heat produced by active muscles

immune system

protects body from infections

reproductive system

gametes (sex cells) develop, needed for production of offspring

ectotherms

move to warmer area to increase their body temp. or hide in shade to escape heat

endotherms

shiver or use fur to thermoregulate. in summer endotherms pant/sweat to cool down

The tissue which gives the outer part of the ear its shape is unique to animals. true or false?

true

\n The systems that coordinate communication are?

nervous and endocrine

\n If a friend says that they have damage to connective tissue with a matrix of fine collagen fibers, you know that they have an issue with?

cartilage

The primary function of muscle tissue is?

contraction

If you were asked to list systems that are most critical for protecting the body from external threats, you would list ?

digestive, respiratory, and circulatory.

\n Different types of animal tissue include?

all of the above

A. epithelial tissue. \n B. connective tissue. \n C. muscle tissue. \n D. nervous tissue.

Muscle cells insulate neuroglia as the latter carry electrical signals to muscles. true or false?

false

\n 5 out of 5 points

The temperature in a room dropping below the setting on the thermostat, causing the heater to turn on, and the heater turning off when the set temperature is reached, is an example of the principle of?

negative feedback

\n 5 out of 5 points

If you were doing experiments on rats and wanted to disrupt thermal homeostasis, you would want to disconnect the?

hypothalamus

\n You are working in a diagnostic lab, and you receive a skin biopsy sample. The sample shows several groups of cancerous cells in the epithelium, so you say in your report that you found several?

carcinomas

The tissue type that receives, processes, and transmits information by providing a communication network among cells is?

nervous

Blood flow is increased by vasodilation, or widening of the blood vessel. Which tissue is responsible for vasodilation?

muscle

\n The tissue that makes up the spinal cord and brain consists of

neurons and neuroglia

\n The most common way that living organisms maintain homeostasis is by positive feedback mechanisms? true or false?

false

Which tissue within skin is responsible for producing sweat?

endocrine

\n The liver produces 90% of the cholesterol in your body. Most cholesterol is transported in the blood as low density lipoprotein (LDL). When the levels of blood LDL increase, the enzyme in the liver that makes cholesterol is inhibited. This is an example of ________ feedback?

negative

\n Neurons insulate neuroglia as the latter carry electrical signals? true or false?

false

\n The type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of cube-shaped cells is?

simple cuboidal

\n

You are observing a test subject move his arm. You notice that the subject can move the arm on command, and a tissue biopsy shows that the relevant muscle tissue has cells with many nuclei. You decide that the movement is due to muscle that is?

smooth

The type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of flattened cells is?

simple squamous

An endocrine gland releases its product directly

into the circulatory system.

The endocrine gland that produces hormones that regulate blood glucose levels is the

the pancreas

\n Lipid-soluble steroid hormones are synthesized from

cholesterol

The human parathyroid gland regulates what in the blood?

calcium

What is the advantage of the endocrine system over the nervous system?

Hormones remain in the bloodstream and cells for long periods of time to maintain homeostatsis, unlike neural impulses.

Which characteristic sets insulin and glucagon apart from steroid hormones?

They bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell.

If a physician recommends frequent small meals with low carbohydrate and high protein content, the patient most likely suffers from

hypoglycemia.

Some animals in cold-weather habitats hibernate for long periods of time during the winter by sleeping in dark dens until the weather becomes warmer. Hibernation

increases melatonin secretion because the animal is asleep in the dark.

f you were a doctor working with a patient whose digestion had slowed markedly, you might measure the patient's production of 

epinephrine.

You would know that you had found endocrine cells if you observed them to secrete hormones into ducts that release the hormones into a body cavity.

False

\n You are lying on a sand dune looking over the water, listening to the waves, and enjoying the feel of the sun and wind on your skin. You also smell the salty ocean air and seaweed that has washed ashore.

thermoreceptor

The condition that develops when there is excess GABA leading to excess dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain is

epilepsy.

At the snail-shaped ________ of the inner ear, sound is transduced into nerve impulses.

cochlea

The part of the brain that controls the qualities of what we consider the "mind" is the

cerebrum

A pheromone is a chemical substance that elicits a specific response in members of a different species.

False

f you were working with a patient with brain damage who had serious problems with homeostasis, you would suspect that the brain damage included the 

hypothalamus.

The division of the nervous system that integrates sensory information and coordinates the body's response is the

central nervous system.

The myelin sheath around an axon is continuous.

False

Which is not an endocrine gland?

gallbladder

Peptide hormones are usually which?

water-soluble

The hormone that stimulates glycogen stored in the liver and muscles to be broken down to glucose when blood glucose levels are low is

glucagon.

\n Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with

obesity.

All of the glands of the vertebrate endocrine system are regulated by the

hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Steroid hormones

All answers are correct.

Answers:

are typically lipid-soluble.

typically do not bind to a surface receptor on a target cell.

pass through cell membranes.

typically alter gene expression.

You would know that you had found endocrine cells if you observed them to secrete hormones into ducts that release the hormones into a body cavity.

False

The endocrine gland that produces primarily testosterone is the

testes.

To prevent swollen thyroid glands many nations add iodine to

salt.

The condition that develops when there is excess GABA leading to excess dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain is

epilepsy.

In the diagram, the squares which are transported from a neuron, through the synaptic cleft, and received by the receptors of another cell are called

neurotransmitters

The nervous tissue that consists of myelinated axons transmitting information throughout the central nervous system is the

white matter.

Receptors for the general senses are

found throughout the body.

The three major components of the human nervous system are

sensory input, sensory integration, and motor response.

What is true of olfactory cells and taste buds?

Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors that detect odor molecules, and taste buds are chemoreceptors that allow the sense of taste in the mouth.

The part of the neuron that is usually a single long extension that conducts an impulse to a muscle or another neuron is the

axon

\n You are lying on a sand dune looking over the water, listening to the waves, and enjoying the feel of the sun and wind on your skin. You also smell the salty ocean air and seaweed that has washed ashore.

mechanoreceptor

A motor neuron's ________ and ________ reside in the central nervous system, but its ________ extend(s) into the peripheral nervous system.

cell body; dendrites; axon

\n Fermentation does not require oxygen to generate ATP and is almost as efficient as aerobic respiration in generating ATP in muscle cells.

false

Which is not a part of the axial skeleton?

pelvic girdle

The endoskeleton functions in

production of blood cells.

supporting the body.

protecting the body.

movement.

All answers are correct.

The temporalis and masseter muscles close the jaw while the platysma opens the jaw. To clench your teeth, you

contract the temporalis and masseter and relax the platysma.