Ap psychology unit 12 & unit 13

Deviant

Deviant

individual actions that depart from socially acceptable legal and ethical standards

Distress

experiences of a person's internal life that are commonly held to be troubling, confusing or out of the ordinary

Dysfunction

disturbances in a person's thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior

3D approach

Deviant, Distress, and Dysfunction three D’s to look for to diagnose

Medical Model

the concept that mental and emotional problems are analogous to biological problems, they have detectable physiological causes and are amenable to cure or improvement by specific treatment.

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition

Rosenhan study

normal people often cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting

Risk factors

characteristics at the biological, psychological, family, community, or cultural level that precede and are associated with a higher likelihood of negative outcomes

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities

Panic Disorder

unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness

Phobias

an overwhelming and debilitating fear of an object, place, situation, feeling or animal

OCD

a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Obsessed with a number of times

PTSD

a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event

Major Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest

Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia)

a milder, but long-lasting form of depression

Bipolar Disorder

causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression)

Environmental influences

The influence of natural and human-built surroundings on how people feel, think, and behave

Biological influences

believes behavior to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology

Schizophrenia

a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices

Sympton of Schizo: Brain abnormalities

smaller volume in the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus

larger pallidum and ventricle volumes

Sympton of Schizo: Genetic Influence

tends to run in families, but no single gene is thought to be responsible. It's more likely that different combinations of genes make people more vulnerable to the condition

Sympton of Schizo: Prenatal Influence

20% of prenatally rubella-exposed subjects were diagnosed with adult schizophrenia

Dissociative Disorder: DID

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a mental health condition. Someone with DID has multiple, distinct personalities. The various identities control a person's behavior at different times.

DID contreversey

first-person reports of dissociation based on existing diagnostic scales are invalid due to the crafting of said scales

DID vs schizophrenia

someone with DID has two or more distinct identity states, sometimes known as alternate identities, or alters. This is not present in schizophrenia

borderline personality disorder

impacts the way you think and feel about yourself and others, causing problems functioning in everyday life. It includes self-image issues, difficulty managing emotions and behavior, and a pattern of unstable relationships

narcissistic personality disorder

people have an unreasonably high sense of their own importance

Histrionic personality disorder

a mental health condition marked by unstable emotions, a distorted self-image and an overwhelming desire to be noticed

Antisocial personality Disorder

characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard of, or violation of, the rights of others as well as a difficulty sustaining long-term relationships. Lack of empathy and a contemptuous attitude

Bulimia Nervosa

often secretive bouts of overeating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging, strict dieting, or extreme exercise, associated with persistent and excessive concern with body weight

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by restriction of food intake leading to low body weight, typically accompanied by intense fear of gaining weight and disturbed perception of body weight and image

Serotonin associated with

• Depression

• Anxiety

• Digestive problems

• Suicidal behavior

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder

• Post-traumatic stress disorder

• Panic disorders

Psychotherapy

(sometimes called talk therapy) refers to a variety of treatments that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors

Biomedical therapy

uses physiological treatments such as medications to treat psychological disorders

Eclectic therapy

an integrative approach to psychotherapy that aims to discover and implement the most effective treatment for each individual

Psychoanalysis

techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders.

Free association

a therapist asks a person in therapy to freely share thoughts, words, and anything else that comes to mind. The thoughts need not be coherent

Hypnosis

a changed state of awareness and increased relaxation that allows for improved focus and concentration

Dream analysis

the process of assigning meaning to dreams

Transference

a phenomenon that occurs when people redirect emotions or feelings about one person to an entirely separate individual.

Psychodynamic Therapy

self-reflection and self-examination, and the use of the relationship between therapist and patient as a window into problematic relationship patterns in the patient's life.

Humanistic Therapy

a mental health approach that emphasizes the importance of being your true self in order to lead the most fulfilling life

Behavior therapy

looks to identify and help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors.

Classical Conditioning

a biologically potent physiological stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

Counter conditioning

changing the pet's emotional response, feelings or attitude toward a stimulus. For example, the dog that lunges at the window when a delivery person walks by is displaying an emotional response of fear or anxiety

Exposure therapy

exposing you to a stimulus that causes fear in a safe environment

Systematic desensitization

a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques

Aversive conditioning

used to help a person give up a behavior or habit by having them associate it with something unpleasant

Operant conditioning

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

Behavior modification

1. the alteration of behavioral patterns through the use of such learning techniques as biofeedback and positive or negative reinforcement.

Token economy

a system in which the learner earns tokens by engaging in a targeted behavior(stars in kindergarden)

Cognitive Therapy

Exposing yourself to situations that cause anxiety, like going into a crowded public space. Journaling about your thoughts throughout the day and recording your feelings about your thoughts

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)—Albert Ellis

an approach that helps you identify irrational beliefs and negative thought patterns that may lead to emotional or behavioral issues

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

aims to stop negative cycles such as these by breaking down things that make you feel bad, anxious or scared

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

involves moving your eyes a specific way while you process traumatic memories

Light Exposure Therapy

exposure to direct sunlight or similar-intensity artificial light in order to treat medical disorders, especially seasonal affective disorder and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders

Successful Psychotherapy includes

Hope, perspective, caring relationship

Antipsychotic drugs     -Thorazine

lessens positive symptoms of schizophrenia -block dopamine receptors

Antipsychotic drugs-Clozaril

helps with negative symptoms of schizophrenia-block dopamine receptors

Antianxiety Drugs   -Xanax, Ativan

depress central nervous system

Antidepressant Drugs -Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil  (SSRIs)

-also used for anxiety

-Block reuptake of Serotonin and sometimes norepinephrine

-takes 4 weeks to work

-Other methods of dealing with depression:

-exercise

-cognitive therapy

Anti Depressants block

Serotonin

Antipsychotic drugs block

dopamine receptors

Suicide Risk of Anti depressants

Gives people after the 4 weeks just enough energy to kill themselves

Mood Stabilizing Drugs

lithium used for Bipolar disorder

ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)

done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure

RTMS (repetitive Trascranial Magnetic Stimulation)

This treatment for depression involves delivering repetitive magnetic pulses

lobotomy

a form of neurosurgical treatment for psychiatric disorder or neurological disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex