Period 4 APUSH review

Election of 1800

The first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans); marked the "Revolution of 1800" and showed stability of the new republic.

Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency

Emphasized limited government, states’ rights, and agrarianism but contradicted his principles through actions like the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo Act.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and frontier tensions; fostered nationalism and ended Federalist influence.

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting during the War of 1812 that discussed secession; seen as unpatriotic and led to the fall of the Federalist Party.

Notables vs Common man

Refers to the shift from elite, wealthy politicians (“notables”) to leaders representing ordinary citizens, a key theme in Jacksonian democracy.

Nationalism

Pride and unity in one’s country; grew after the War of 1812, influencing culture, politics, and economics.

Sectionalism/Regionalism

Loyalty to one’s region (North, South, or West) rather than the nation; increased tensions over slavery and economic interests.

Hudson River School

Group of artists who celebrated American landscapes, reflecting growing nationalism.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to European colonization; asserted U.S. influence in Latin America.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; established the 36°30′ line dividing free and slave territories.

Market Revolution

Transformation of the U.S. economy through industrialization, transportation improvements, and commercialization; changed labor, gender roles, and regional economies.

Clay’s American System

Henry Clay’s plan for national economic growth: protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements.

Lowell Factory System

Early industrial labor system using young women in textile mills; represented changing gender roles and factory life.

Interchangeable Parts

Eli Whitney’s innovation that revolutionized manufacturing by allowing mass production and easier repairs.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney’s invention that made cotton production more efficient and increased demand for enslaved labor in the South.

Erie Canal

Connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean; boosted trade and linked regional economies.

Franchise/Suffrage

The right to vote; expanded for white males during Jacksonian Democracy, increasing political participation.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideology that women should focus on home, family, and moral education; reinforced gender divisions.

Nativist movement

Anti-immigrant sentiment; sought to limit influence of Irish and German immigrants.

Know Nothing Party

Political party formed by nativists in the 1850s; opposed immigration and Catholic influence.

Spoils system

Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs; popularized by Andrew Jackson.

Corrupt bargain of 1824

Alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams’s presidency in exchange for a cabinet position.

John Quincy Adams

6th president; supported modernization and education but faced opposition from Jacksonian Democrats.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High tariff favoring northern industry but angering southern states; led to the Nullification Crisis.

Jacksonian Democracy

Political movement championing greater rights for the “common man” and expanded white male suffrage.

Andrew Jackson

7th president; strengthened executive power, opposed the national bank, and enforced Indian Removal.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina’s attempt to nullify federal tariffs; challenged federal authority and tested state vs. federal power.

Second Bank of the U.S. and Veto

Jackson viewed the Bank as corrupt and vetoed its recharter, leading to the “Bank War.”

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Authorized relocation of Native American tribes to western lands; led to the Trail of Tears.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of Cherokee and other tribes from their homelands; thousands died along the journey.

Whigs

Political party opposing Jackson; supported federal power, modernization, and the American System.

Martin Van Buren

8th president; faced economic depression following Jackson’s policies.

William Henry Harrison

9th president; hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe; his 1840 “Log Cabin Campaign” set new standards for mass politics.

Log Cabin Campaign

1840 presidential campaign promoting Harrison as a “man of the people”; considered the first modern political campaign.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 women’s rights meeting that launched the women’s suffrage movement.

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Document modeled on the Declaration of Independence; called for women’s equality and voting rights.

Domestic Slave Trade

Internal trade of enslaved people within the U.S.; expanded after the end of the international slave trade.

“positive good” vs “necessary evil” argument

Southern defenses of slavery as beneficial (“positive good”) or unavoidable (“necessary evil”).

Antebellum Reform

Wave of social reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening, aiming to improve society.

American Temperance Society

Organization promoting abstinence from alcohol; part of larger moral reform efforts.

Human perfectibility

Belief that individuals and society could be improved through reform and moral effort.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery; led by figures like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

1831 slave revolt in Virginia; heightened southern fears and led to stricter slave codes.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist writer emphasizing individualism and self-reliance.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist author of “Civil Disobedience”; promoted resistance to unjust laws.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist; published The Liberator calling for immediate emancipation.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill and creation of asylums.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Early leader in the women’s rights movement; co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention.

Susan B. Anthony

Women’s rights activist who fought for suffrage and legal equality.

John Humphrey Noyes

Founder of the Oneida Community, promoting utopian communal living.

Shakers

Religious communal group emphasizing simplicity, celibacy, and equality.

Sojourner Truth

Formerly enslaved abolitionist and women’s rights activist known for her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech.

Horace Mann

Education reformer advocating for public schools and teacher training.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism).

Frederick Douglass

Formerly enslaved abolitionist and orator who published The North Star and advocated for equality.