SciRev. X102 Exam 3 Wk. 10 electricity exam questions and answers

william gilbert

-wrote a treatise on magnetism in 1600

-he distinguished electric from magnetic phenomena

-coined the term 'electricity'

what did gilbert coin the term "electricity" from?

-amber

-at the time, the main electric object was amber

was amber innate?

-no

-unlike the magnet, amber had to be rubbed

-was long known that amber or glass, when rubbed, will attract little pieces of paper, and perhaps even crackle or spark (generate electricity)

was amber thought to be like a magnet according to Gilbert?

-no

-gilbert believed that a magnet could attract and repel while amber could only attract

-later it was found that electricity could be repulsive too

In the 17th century, the study of electricity was _________. Many of its properties were surprising and __________.

largely experimental//generated wonder

Francis Hauksbee

-Hauksbee was an instrument maker and curator of experiments at the Royal society

-Hauksbee created electrical phenomena

how did Hauksbee create electrical phenomena?

-by spinning a glass globe partly evacuated of air

-would glow when touched by the hand (a phenomenon similar to neon light)

-built machines w/ glass globes and woollen rubbers

-also noticed that threads hanging inside and outside the glass stiffened and, contrary to his expectations, pointed outwards or inwards, rather than attracting each other

stephen gray

-an experimentor at the london royal society

-realized that electricity could be communicated over long distances thru some materials (water, brass wire, a boy hanging by silk threads)

what were some good receivers and supporters?

receivers (conductors): water, brass wire, a boy hanging by silk threads

supporters (insulators): glass, resin, silk

Charles Francois du Fay

-was an experimenter at the paris academie des sciences

-found that there were two types of electricity

-while they attracted each other, they repelled their own kind

vitreous

-type of electricity

-produced by rubbing vitreous or glass substance

-positive

reinous

-type of electricity

-produced by rubbing a resinous or resin substance

-negative

Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet

-was a protege of du Fay's

-a clergyman

-an experimental physicist

-was an instrument maker who became the leading electrician of his age

-there was only one type of electricity, according to him.

-vitreous and resinous forms of the electrical fluid flowed in different directions, emerging in jets from the electrified bodies

Georg Matthias Bose

-a german natural philosopher form Leipzig

-where composwer Johann sebastian bach lived at the time

-performed many experiments including the kiss of an electrified lady

-another experiment involved drawing sparks from a glass of electrified water (seemed like a wonderful paradox of drawing fire from water)

The leyden jar

-is a "condensor" (capacitor) capable of storing electricity in a glass jar w/ suitable parts and arrangements

-experimenter must hold the bottle and "stand on the ground during electrification"

-Musschenbroek

-a glass bottle filled w/ water and coated inside w/ metal foil (medal rod would be touched to the foil)

-became a piece of 18th century electrical equipment

-stems from Bose's experiments of drawing fire from water

Musschenbroek and the leyden jar

-tried the jar's electric shock

-" my whole body quivered just like someone hit by lightening... I thought I was done for"

-urged correspondents not to try it

Nollet and the leyden jar

-found that the thinner the glass, the more powerful the shock

-used it to electrify 180 gerdarmes and 200 monks at the same time, proving the power of electricity over distances

Benjamin Franklin

-experimental philosopher, printer, and statesman

-believed there was only one electrical fluid that couldn't be destroyed, but only transferred

-lightening rod

-also worked on the electric eel

Franklin's lightening rod

-attached a pointed rod to a kite to draw "fire" from the sky and store it in a Leyden Jar

-found that just the glass and foil worked well w/ holding electricity as w/ added water

plus and minus electricity

-franklin invented this

-when the top of the bottle is electrised positively or plus, the bottom of the bottle is electrised negatively or minus in exact proportion (whatever quantity goes in at the top, an equal quantity goes out of the bottom

-for him electricity was an atmosphere that was attracted and repelled by pressure, rather than by the action of an electrical wind

-franklin's system couldn't explain why bodies depleted of electrical fluid would still repel each other (given the acting electric fluid was missing)(could be understood giving up the pressure of atmospheres and effluvia)

Georg Wilhelm Richmann

-experiments proved that lightening was an electric phenomenon

-was struck by such a powerful thunderbolt in St. Petersburg that it blew his nos open

-died at age 42

-only surprising bc he was apparently the first person to die carrying out such dangerous experiments on electricity and lightening

Luigi Galvani

-carried out major experiments on frogs

-argued that there was an animal electricity in the frog nerves, especially the nervous system

-could detect the electricity by touching them w/ proves made of different metals

-when touched, the forg legs kicked

-didn't think the metal had anything to do w/ the reaction (led volta to develop the battery)

Alessandro Volta

-challenged Galvani's views

-in the next century they led to the recognition that nervous transmission was an electric phenomenon

-created electricity by having two different metals in contact w/ each other (silver and zinc)

alessandro volta and current electricity

-around 1800 electricity took a new turn

-volta argued that galvani's proves generated, not merely detected, electricity

-he magnified the effect by stacking disks of silver (or copper) and zinc, w/ each pair separated by moist cardboard

-his battery created, not just a spark, but a constant electric current

Frankline's eel

-people weren't sure why they were getting hurt by this fish, so during this period, people started to understand