bio exam 2

stromatolite

layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together

permian extinction

wipe out of marine species

cretaceous extinction

extinction of dinosaurs and rise of mammals

homeotic gene

any of the mastery regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants and fungi

paedomorphosis

retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors

basal taxon

a taxon whose evolutionary lineage divereged early in the history of the group

cladistics

an approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common decent

shared ancestral character

A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade

shared derived character

an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

orthologous genes

found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species

paralogous genes

result from gene duplication and are found in more than one copy in the genome (diverge within the species and often evolve new functions)

cocci

bell-shaped

bacilli

rod-shaped

spirilli

spiral-shaped

autotrophs

produce their own food

heterotrophs

consume organic material

chemotrophs

obtain energy from inorganic compounds

obligate aerobes

require oxygen

obligate anaerobes

cannot survive oxygen

falcultative anaerobes

can survive with or without oxygen

gram-positive

STAIN PURPLE- simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

gram-negative

STAN PINK- have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, making them more resistant to antibiotics

conjugation

transfer of DNA between bacteria through a pilus

transformation

bacteria pick up DNA from their environment

transduction

DNA is transferred between bacteria by a virus

fimbriae

hair-like appendages that allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony

pili

longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

plasmodium

malaria

dinoflagelletes

nourish coral polyps that build reefs

Alpha

eukaryotic hosts, Rhizobium (forms root nodules to help fixe atmospheric nitrogen), Agrobacterium (produces tumors in plants used for genetic engineering)

Beta

nutritionally diverse, aquatic species, pathogens, nirosomonas (soil bacterium)

gamma

e. coli, salmonella, cholorae, sulfur bacteria

delta

slime secreting myxobacteria (produces drought resistant “myxospores”)

epsilon

most species are pathogenic

campylobacter

causes blood poisoning

helicobacter

causes stomach ulcers

chlamydias

parasites that live within animals cells, causes blindess

spirochetes

helical, gram-negative heterotrophs (syphilis and lyme disease)

cyanobacteria

gram-negative photoautotrophs, plant chloroplasts likely evolved from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis

capsule

In many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells. (2) The sporangium of a bryophyte (moss, liverwort, or hornwort).

peptidoglycan

A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.

Excavata

diplnomads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

parabasalids

reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS (std)

euglenozoans

kinetoplastids, euglenids, main feature= spiral or crystalline rod in their flagella

unikonta

animals, fungi, and some plants; two clades the amoebozoans (includes the third leading cause of human death Entamoeba histolytic), and the opisthokonts

archaeplastida

red algae, green algae, and plants

alveolates

dinoflagellates, ciliates, apicomplexans

mycorrhizae

mutually benefitial relationships between fungi and plant roots

mycosis

general term for a fungal infection (ringworm and athletes foot)

ascomycetes

65000 species, SAC/ CUP fungi, lichens, typically reproduce asexually by enormous number of asexual spores called conidia

glomeromycetes

160 species- arbuscular mycorrhizae (extend arbuscles through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the plasma membrane)

zygomycetes

1000 species, molds, parasites, commensal symbiots, zygosporangia

zygosporangia

site of karyogamy then mitosis, resistant to freezing and drying

chytrids

have flagellated spores called zoospores (1000 species)

basidiomycetes

35000- mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi: defined by a club like structure called a basidium (transient diploid stage)