Oral Ana 2

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the biology, anatomy, classes, dental formulas, notation systems, developmental stages, and eruption timelines of human dentition.

Jaws

The two bony structures that house the teeth and provide the foundation of the oral cavity, consisting of the maxilla and mandible.

Maxilla

The paired, stationary bone forming the upper jaw; an irregular bone that articulates with nine skull bones including the frontal, zygomatic, and palatine bones.

Mandible

The single, movable bone forming the lower jaw; an irregular bone that articulates with the temporal bone and is the strongest bone of the skull.

Dentition

The natural arrangement of teeth in the mouth, including the type, number, and arrangement of teeth in both the upper and lower jaw.

Incisor

A narrow-edged, single-rooted tooth located in the front of the mouth used primarily for cutting food.

Canine

A sharp, pointed tooth located between the incisors and premolars used for tearing food.

Premolar

A tooth located between the canines and molars used for a combination of tearing and grinding food; also called a bicuspid.

Molar

A large, flat, tri-rooted tooth located in the back of the mouth responsible for grinding food.

Succedaneous Teeth

Permanent teeth that replace or succeed previous primary (deciduous) teeth.

Dental Formula

A shorthand expression showing the type and number of teeth per side in each arch of the mouth.

Primary Dentition

$\frac{2}{2}\text{I} + \frac{1}{1}\text{C} + \frac{2}{2}\text{M} = \frac{5}{5}$, representing $5$ teeth per quadrant and $20$ teeth overall ($(5 + 5 = 10) \times 2$).

Permanent Dentition

$\frac{2}{2}\text{I} + \frac{1}{1}\text{C} + \frac{2}{2}\text{P} + \frac{3}{3}\text{M} = \frac{8}{8}$, representing $8$ teeth per quadrant and $32$ teeth overall ($(8 + 8 = 16) \times 2$).

Dental Notation

A systematic manner of designating numbers or letters to specific teeth to identify their position and whether they belong to the primary or permanent set.

Palmer Notation System

Also known as the Zsigmondy/Palmer Notation System (introduced by Adolph Zsigmondy in 1861); uses quadrant symbols along with numbers $1\text{--}8$ for permanent teeth or letters $\text{A--E}$ for deciduous teeth based on position from the midline.

Universal System

A dental notation system recommended by the American Dental Association in 1968 that numbers permanent teeth $1\text{--}32$ sequentially from the upper right rear molar to the lower right rear molar, and primary teeth $\text{A--T}$.

Two-Digit System (FDI)

A notation system proposed by FDI and adopted by WHO where the first digit indicates the quadrant ($1\text{--}4$ permanent, $5\text{--}8$ primary) and the second digit indicates tooth position from the midline ($1\text{--}8$), pronounced per digit.

Haderup System

A notation system devised by Viktor Haderup in 1891 using a plus sign ($+$) for upper teeth and a minus sign ($-$) for lower teeth, with the symbol placement (right or left) indicating the quadrant.

Primary Dentition Period

The period during which only $20$ primary teeth (baby, deciduous, milk, or lateral dentition) are present, spanning from $6\text{ months}$ to $12\text{ years}$ of age.

Mixed Dentition Period

The developmental stage beginning around $6\text{ years}$ of age during which both primary teeth and erupting permanent succedaneous teeth are present in the mouth.

Permanent Dentition Period

The period starting around $12\text{ years}$ of age characterized by the presence of all adult permanent teeth ($32$ teeth).

Tooth Germ

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The developmental structure of a tooth originating from the dental lamina, consisting of three parts: enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac.

Enamel Organ

produces enamel.

Dental Papilla

develops into dentin and dental pulp.

Dental Sac

where cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone are derived.

Bud Stage

The initial stage of tooth development where $20$ tooth buds form as epithelial cells proliferate into oval swellings along the dental lamina.

Cap Stage

The stage of tooth development characterized by a shallow invagination consisting of the outer enamel epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, and stellate reticulum.

Outer Enamel Epithelium (OEE)

short, cuboidal cells covering the convex outer layer

Inner Enamel Epithelium (IEE)

tall, columnar cells lining the inner concave depression

Stellate Reticulum

Star-shaped cells in the center of the enamel organ filled with watery fluid that act as a shock absorber.

Bell Stage

The stage of tooth development where concavity deepens into a bell shape, cell differentiation establishes the crown shape, and the dentinoenamel junction becomes identifiable.

Root Development

begins when enamel have formed and will turn into cementoenamel junction.

• enamel organ develops HERS

Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS)

Structure developed by the enamel organ that guides root development after enamel and dentin formation reach the cementoenamel junction area.

Initiation Stage

The phase during the Bud Stage that determines the presence or absence of tooth buds.

Proliferation Stage

The phase during the Cap Stage that influences the general size and proportions of the tooth.

Histodifferentiation

The process during the Bell Stage involving formation of potential dentin forming cells

Morphodifferentiation

Determines the shape

Apposition

root completion and laying down of enamel and dentin

Calcification

The hardening tooth tissues by the deposition of inorganic calcium salts

Emergence

The point in tooth development when a tooth breaks through the gumline and becomes visible in the oral cavity (occurring between $6\text{--}30\text{ months}$ postnatally for primary teeth).

Eruption

The physiologic movement of teeth within and through the jaw bone

Active Eruption

The actual movement of teeth toward the occlusal plane.

Passive Eruption

separation of the primary attachment epithelium away from the tooth enamel.

Exfoliation

The natural process of shedding or losing a primary tooth.

Pre-eruptive Stage

movement positioning the tooth

Pre-functional Eruptive Stage

begins at initiation of root formation ad ed when teeth reach occlusal

Functional Eruptive Stage

begins when teeth come into occlusion and continues until teeth are lost