Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards Part 1

Axial skeleton

Bones that lie around the body's longitudinal axis.

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and girdles connected to the axial skeleton.

Pectoral girdle

Bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; consists of clavicle and scapula.

Clavicle

Articulates with the manubrium at the sternoclavicular joint and with the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint; site for conoid and costoclavicular ligaments.

Manubrium

Upper portion of the sternum that articulates with the clavicle.

Sternoclavicular joint

Joint between the sternum and clavicle.

Acromioclavicular joint

Joint between the acromion and clavicle.

Glenohumeral joint

Shoulder joint; ball-and-socket between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus.

Scapula

Shoulder blade with spine, acromion, glenoid cavity, and borders (medial, lateral, superior).

Spine (scapula)

Prominent ridge running diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula.

Acromion

Lateral end of the scapular spine; articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

Glenoid cavity

Cavity that accepts the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint.

Medial border (scapula)

Thin edge of the scapula closer to the vertebral column.

Lateral border (scapula)

Thick edge of the scapula closer to the arm.

Superior border (scapula)

Upper edge of the scapula; meets the medial border at the superior angle.

Upper limb

Each upper limb has 30 bones: humerus, ulna and radius, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges.

Humerus

Longest bone of the upper limb; bears intertubercular sulcus for the biceps, attachment for deltoid, and articulates with the radius and ulna; path for the radial nerve.

Intertubercular sulcus

Groove between humeral tubercles that houses the tendon of the biceps brachii.

Deltoid tendon attachment

Site on the humerus where the deltoid tendon attaches.

Biceps brachii tendon

Tendon attaching the biceps brachii near the intertubercular sulcus.

Radial nerve

Nerve that runs near the humerus and supplies the posterior forearm.

Radius

Lateral forearm bone; attachment for the biceps brachii; linked to the ulna by connective tissue.

Ulna

Medial forearm bone; forms the elbow prominence and attains the ulnar collateral ligament attachment.

Trochlea

Medial, pulley-shaped humeral condyle that articulates with the ulna.

Capitulum

Lateral humeral condyle that articulates with the head of the radius.

Carpals

Eight wrist bones arranged in proximal and distal rows.

Scaphoid

Boat-shaped carpal in the proximal row.

Lunate

Moon-shaped carpal in the proximal row.

Triquetrum

Triangular carpal in the proximal row.

Pisiform

Pea-shaped carpal in the proximal row.

Trapezium

Distal-row carpal with no two sides parallel; articulates with the first metacarpal.

Trapezoid

Distal-row carpal; four-sided with two parallel sides.

Capitate

Distal-row carpal; head-shaped; largest carpal.

Hamate

Distal-row carpal with a hooked (hamate) process.

Mnemonic for carpal bones

Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand (for Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate).

Metacarpals

Five palm bones with a proximal base, shaft, and distal head; numbered 1-5 from the thumb (lateral to medial).

Phalanges (hand)

Bones of the digits; digits 2-5 have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges; the thumb (digit 1) lacks a middle phalanx.

Pelvic girdle

Girdle consisting of two hip bones; pubic symphysis anterior and sacroiliac joint posterior.

Coxal bones / Hip bones

Hip girdle bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) that fuse during adolescence.

Pubic symphysis

Joint where the two hip bones join anteriorly.

Sacroiliac joint

Joint where the hip bones meet the sacrum posteriorly.

Ilium

Largest component of the hip bone; articulates with the femoral head and transmits nerves/vessels.

Ischium

Inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone.

Pubis

An anterior and inferior part of the hip bone.

Hip bone fusion

Ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse during adolescence (15–17 years).

Lower limb

Bones of the leg: 30 in 4 locations (femur, patella, tibia & fibula, and the foot bones).

Femur

Longest, strongest bone; articulates with the hip at the acetabulum; has attachments for thigh/buttock muscles and articulates with the tibia at the knee.

Patella

Small, triangular kneecap; anterior to the knee joint with articular facets on the posterior surface.

Tibia

Medial, weight-bearing leg bone; articulates with the femur and talus; proximal to patellar ligament; has medial malleolus.

Fibula

Lateral, thinner leg bone; does not articulate with the femur but stabilizes the ankle.

Tarsals

Seven ankle bones: Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, and three cuneiforms.

Calcaneus

Heel bone; largest tarsal.

Talus

Ankle bone; articulates with tibia and fibula.

Navicular

Boat-shaped tarsal medial to the foot; articulates with the talus and cuneiforms.

Cuboid

Cuboid-shaped tarsal on the lateral side of the foot.

Cuneiforms

Three bones: medial (1st), intermediate (2nd), and lateral (3rd) cuneiform.

Medial cuneiform

First (medial) cuneiform in the foot.

Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform

Second cuneiform in the foot.

Lateral (3rd) cuneiform

Third cuneiform in the foot.

Metatarsals

Five foot bones in the sole; base, shaft, head; numbered 1-5 from the hallux (great toe) medially to the little toe laterally.

Phalanges (toes)

Bones of the toes; toes 2-5 have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges; hallux lacks a middle phalanx.

Arches of the foot

Longitudinal (medial and lateral) and transverse arches held by ligaments/tendons to support weight and provide leverage.

Longitudinal arch

Foot arch running lengthwise; medial and lateral parts formed by tarsals and metatarsals.

Transverse arch

Arch across the foot formed by navicular, three cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals.

Ball of the foot weight

Ball of the foot carries about 40% of body weight; heel carries about 60%.