unit 6: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

accuracy (n) /ˈækjərəsi/ = correctness = exactness= truthfulness= precision Writing & Speaking

• High ————in grammar is essential to get a band 7+ in IELTS.

Collocation: High accuracy, improve accuracy, accuracy of information.

Sự chính xác, độ chính xác.

• High —————-in grammar is essential to get a band 7+ in IELTS.

Collocation: High accuracy, improve accuracy, accuracy of information.

concept (n) /ˈkɒnsept/ = idea= notion= perception= theory Writing

• Artificial intelligence is a complex ——for many older generations to grasp.

• Collocation: Abstract concept, grasp a concept, key concept, basic concept.

Khái niệm, ý niệm.

• Artificial intelligence is a complex ——for many older generations to grasp.

• Collocation: Abstract concept, grasp a concept, key concept, basic concept.

conjecture (N) /kənˈdʒektʃər/ = guesswork = guess= assumption = estimation= inference= speculation= supposition (suppose) Writing

• The report was based on pure —-rather than scientific facts.

• Collocation: Pure conjecture, open to conjecture, fuel conjecture, matter of conjecture.

Sự suy đoán, sự đoán mò (chưa có bằng chứng rõ ràng).

• The report was based on pure —-rather than scientific facts.

• Collocation: Pure conjecture, open to conjecture, fuel conjecture, matter of conjecture.

dialect (n) /ˈdaɪəlekt/ / language/ accent Writing & Speaking

• People in the northern region speak a slightly different ————-from those in the south.

• Collocation: Local dialect, regional dialect, speak a dialect.

tiếng địa phương

• People in the northern region speak a slightly different ————-from those in the south.

• Collocation: Local dialect, regional dialect, speak a dialect.

fluency (n) /ˈfluːənsi/ >< hesitation Writing & Speaking

• Constant practice is key to achieving —————in a second language.

• Collocation: Achieve fluency, language fluency, speak with fluency.

Sự trôi chảy, sự lưu loát.

• Constant practice is key to achieving —————in a second language.

• Collocation: Achieve fluency, language fluency, speak with fluency.

gesture (n) /ˈdʒestʃər/ Writing & Speaking

• Using hand ————can help convey your message more clearly when speaking.

• Collocation: Make a gesture, body gesture, friendly gesture, hand gesture.

cử chỉ

• Using hand ————can help convey your message more clearly when speaking.

• Collocation: Make a gesture, body gesture, friendly gesture, hand gesture.

language barrier = language limit/ disadvantage Writing & Speaking

• Travelling abroad can be difficult if you face a severe language —————-.

• Collocation: Overcome a language barrier, face a language barrier, break down language barriers.

Rào cản ngôn ngữ.

• Travelling abroad can be difficult if you face a severe language —————-.

• Collocation: Overcome a language barrier, face a language barrier, break down language barriers.

linguist (N) /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/ Writing

• —-are studying how social media affects modern communication.

• Collocation: Renowned linguist, accomplished linguist, professional linguist.

Nhà ngôn ngữ học, người thông thạo nhiều ngôn ngữ.

• —-are studying how social media affects modern communication.

• Collocation: Renowned linguist, accomplished linguist, professional linguist.

linguistics (n) lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks Writing & Speaking

• Applied ————-focuses on practical applications of language studies.

• Collocation: Applied linguistics, study linguistics, branch of linguistics.

ngôn ngữ học

• Applied ————-focuses on practical applications of language studies.

• Collocation: Applied linguistics, study linguistics, branch of linguistics.

means of communication Writing task 2

• Smartphones have become the primary means of ———for young people.

Phương tiện giao tiếp

• Smartphones have become the primary means of ———for young people.

mother tounge (n) = first/ naitve language Speaking & Writing

• Children usually learn their mother ————naturally from their parents.

Collocation: Native mother tongue, speak in one's mother tongue, preserve the mother tongue.

tiếng mẹ đẻ

• Children usually learn their mother ————naturally from their parents.

• Collocation: Native mother tongue, speak in one's mother tongue, preserve the mother tongue.

sign lannguage (n) = non-verbal language Speaking & Writing

• Learning ————- helps people communicate with the deaf community.

• Collocation: Learn sign language, international sign language, use sign language.

ngôn ngữ kí hiệu

• Learning ————- helps people communicate with the deaf community.

• Collocation: Learn sign language, international sign language, use sign language.

vocabulary (n) = lexical resources= lexis= collection of words Speaking & Writing

• Reading books regularly is a great way to expand your —————.

• Collocation: Rich vocabulary, expand vocabulary, active vocabulary, vocabulary range.

Từ vựng.

• Reading books regularly is a great way to expand your —————.

• Collocation: Rich vocabulary, expand vocabulary, active vocabulary, vocabulary range.

Vernacular (n) /vəˈnækjələr/ Writing

• The author wrote the novel in the local ———to reflect real life.

• Collocation: Local vernacular, speak in the vernacular, vernacular language.

Tiếng bản địa, tiếng nói thông dụng hàng ngày của một vùng/dân tộc.

• The author wrote the novel in the local ———to reflect real life.

• Collocation: Local vernacular, speak in the vernacular, vernacular language.

incoherent (a) Writing & Speaking /kəʊˈhɪərənt/ = consistent= articulate = clear= logical= rational >< coherent

• The essay lacks a ——————structure, making it difficult to follow the main argument.

• Collocation: Coherent argument, highly coherent, coherent explanation.

Mạch lạc, chặt chẽ, rõ ràng, hợp lý.

• The essay lacks a ——————structure, making it difficult to follow the main argument.'

• Collocation: Coherent argument, highly coherent, coherent explanation.

inherent (a) /ɪnˈhɪərənt/ = instinctive= innate= inborn = natural= in-built Writing Task 2

• Every nuclear power plant carries an inherent risk of radiation leak.

• Collocation: Inherent risk, inherent problem, inherent quality.

vốn có

• Every nuclear power plant carries an inherent risk of radiation leak.

• Collocation: Inherent risk, inherent problem, inherent quality.

sophisticated (a) /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ = complex= complicated Writing task 2 & Speaking part 3

• Modern smartphones use highly ———algorithms to process images.

• Collocation: Highly sophisticated, sophisticated technology, sophisticated system.

Phức tạp, tinh vi, hiện đại.

• Modern smartphones use highly ———algorithms to process images.

• Collocation: Highly sophisticated, sophisticated technology, sophisticated system.

spontaneous (a) /spɒnˈteɪniəs/ = natural= native Speaking

• His decision to resign was completely ————and surprised everyone.

• Collocation: Spontaneous reaction, spontaneous decision, spontaneous applause

Tự nguyện, tự phát, tự nhiên.

• His decision to resign was completely ————and surprised everyone.

• Collocation: Spontaneous reaction, spontaneous decision, spontaneous applause.

clarify (v) /ˈklærɪfaɪ/ =elucidate = make it clear = explain Writing & Speaking

• The speaker attempted to ———-his previous statements during the interview.

• Collocation: Clarify a point, clarify a situation, clarify a misunderstanding.

Làm rõ, giải thích rõ.

• The speaker attempted to ———-his previous statements during the interview.

• Collocation: Clarify a point, clarify a situation, clarify a misunderstanding.

comprehend (v) /ˌkɒmprɪˈhend/ = understand thoroughly → (in) conprehensive → conprehension Writing task 2

• It is difficult to fully ————the impact of global warming without studying the data.

• Collocation: Fully comprehend, comprehensive approach, reading comprehension, comprehensive solution

Hiểu rõ, nhận thức trọn vẹn.

• It is difficult to fully ————the impact of global warming without studying the data.

• Collocation: Fully comprehend, comprehensive approach, reading comprehension.

conclude (v) = wrap up = finish off = close= end Writing & Speaking

• Researchers ————-that regular exercise significantly reduces stress levels.

• Collocation: Conclude that, conclude a study, in conclusion.

Kết luận, kết thúc

• Researchers ————-that regular exercise significantly reduces stress levels.

• Collocation: Conclude that, conclude a study, in conclusion.

confirm (v) = ratify = verify = fortify → confirmation Writing task 1 2

• The lab results ————that the water supply was contaminated.

• Collocation: Confirm findings, confirm a report, verify information.

Xác nhận, chứng thực, củng cố.

• The lab results ————that the water supply was contaminated.

• Collocation: Confirm findings, confirm a report, verify information.

converse (v) /kənˈvɜːs/ = reverse = oppose= contrast Writing task 1 2

• Some people believe remote work boosts productivity, but the —————argument is that it reduces teamwork.

• Collocation: Converse opinion, converse effect, hold a converse view.

Trái ngược, nghịch đảo.

• Some people believe remote work boosts productivity, but the —————argument is that it reduces teamwork.

• Collocation: Converse opinion, converse effect, hold a converse view.

define (v) = coin a term Writing task 2

• The government needs to clearly ———the guidelines for sustainable development.

• Collocation: Clearly define, define a term, coin a term.

Định nghĩa, xác định rõ.

• The government needs to clearly ———the guidelines for sustainable development.

• Collocation: Clearly define, define a term, coin a term.

demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ (v)= exhibit= express/ prove = support/establish = explain = show = display Writing task 1,2

• The charts —————a sharp increase in internet usage over the past decade.

• Collocation: Demonstrate a clear trend, demonstrate competence, effectively demonstrate.

Giải thích, chứng minh, bộc lộ, hiển thị.

• The charts —————a sharp increase in internet usage over the past decade.

• Collocation: Demonstrate a clear trend, demonstrate competence, effectively demonstrate.

distinguish (v) /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ = differentiate = tell the difference Writing & Speaking

• It is vital for consumers to ————between authentic products and counterfeits.

• Collocation: Distinguish between A and B, distinguish clearly, differentiate facts from opinions.

Phân biệt.

• It is vital for consumers to ————between authentic products and counterfeits.

• Collocation: Distinguish between A and B, distinguish clearly, differentiate facts from opinions.

emerge (v) /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ = arise = crop up = appear Writing task 1, 2

• Electric vehicles have ———-as a sustainable solution to air pollution.

• Collocation: Emerge as, issues emerge, newly emerging trends.

Nổi lên, xuất hiện

• Electric vehicles have ———-as a sustainable solution to air pollution.

• Collocation: Emerge as, issues emerge, newly emerging trends.

evlove (v) /ɪˈvɒlv/ = advance = progress = change = develop= grow Writing & Speaking

• Languages naturally —————-over time to adapt to new cultural trends.

• Collocation: Rapidly evolve, evolve into, continue to evolve.

Tiến hóa, phát triển dần.

• Languages naturally —————-over time to adapt to new cultural trends.

• Collocation: Rapidly evolve, evolve into, continue to evolve.

gesture (v) /ˈdʒestʃər/ sth to sth = imply = indicate = signal = wave Speaking

• He ————-to his colleague to join him on stage.

• Collocation: Gesture to someone, gesture towards, gesture frantically.

Ra hiệu, ra cử chỉ.

• He ————-to his colleague to join him on stage.

• Collocation: Gesture to someone, gesture towards, gesture frantically.

indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ (v)= point out sth = reveal Writing task 1 2

• Recent research ————-that a balanced diet leads to a longer life.

• Collocation: Indicate a trend, clearly indicate, indicate that.

Chỉ ra, cho thấy, biểu thị.

• Recent research ————-that a balanced diet leads to a longer life.

• Collocation: Indicate a trend, clearly indicate, indicate that.

imply (v) = infer = indicate = denote Writing & Speaking

• Silence from the manager does not necessarily ——agreement.

• Collocation: Strongly imply, heavily imply, imply that.

Ngụ ý, hàm ý, ám chỉ

• Silence from the manager does not necessarily ——agreement.

• Collocation: Strongly imply, heavily imply, imply that.

recall sb to sth/ recall sth = evoke sb’s memory about sth = sth remind sb = call to mind = elicit Speaking

• She could vividly ———-her childhood memories in the countryside.

• Collocation: Recall vividly, recall an event, recall memories.

Nhớ lại, gợi lại, khơi gợi

• She could vividly ———-her childhood memories in the countryside.

• Collocation: Recall vividly, recall an event, recall memories.

refer to = talk about = imply= relevant to = related to Writing task 2

The term 'globalization' ——— the interconnectedness of world economies.

• Collocation: Refer to a document, refer to as, directly refer to.

Chỉ dẫn, ám chỉ, đề cập đến, liên quan tới, tham khảo

• The term 'globalization' ——— the interconnectedness of world economies.

• Collocation: Refer to a document, refer to as, directly refer to.

• signify (v) /ˈsɪɡnɪfaɪ/ Writing task 1 2

Dark clouds usually ————that a thunderstorm is approaching.

Collocation: Signify importance, signify a change, clearly signify.

• Biểu thị, ám chỉ, cho thấy

Dark clouds usually ————that a thunderstorm is approaching.

Collocation: Signify importance, signify a change, clearly signify.

• state (v) a viewpoint = voice our opinion = present sth Writing task 2

The candidate clearly ———-her position on environmental protection.

Collocation: State an opinion, clearly state, state a fact.

• Phát biểu, nêu rõ, bày tỏ quan điểm.

The candidate clearly ———-her position on environmental protection.

Collocation: State an opinion, clearly state, state a fact.

• stutter (v) /ˈstʌtər/ = stammmer = speak with hesitation Speaking

When he gets nervous, he tends to ——-slightly.

Collocation: Stutter nervously, speak with a stutter, a slight stutter.

• Nói cà lăm, nói lắp

When he gets nervous, he tends to ——-slightly.

Collocation: Stutter nervously, speak with a stutter, a slight stutter.

• translate (v) interpret → translator = interpretor Writing & Speaking

Good books are often ————-into multiple languages worldwide.

Collocation: Translate into, translate accurately, simultaneous interpreter.

• Dịch thuật, chuyển đổi

Good books are often ————-into multiple languages worldwide.

Collocation: Translate into, translate accurately, simultaneous interpreter.

• there is something to be said for (id) = has a lot of advantages Speaking Part 3

There is something to ————- for living in a quiet rural area.

• Có lý do/ưu điểm để ủng hộ điều gì đó

There is something to ————- for living in a quiet rural area.

• needless to say (id) = obiviously = appearantly Speaking Part 1 & 3

Needless to ————, continuous learning is crucial for career advancement.

• Không cần phải nói, hiển nhiên là

Needless to ————, continuous learning is crucial for career advancement.

• have a say (id) = be involved in a decision-making Speaking & Writing

Citizens should have a————- in how public funds are spent.

• Có tiếng nói, có quyền quyết định/đóng góp ý kiến.

Citizens should have a————- in how public funds are spent.

• when all is said and done (id) Speaking Part 3

When all is ————-, health is far more important than wealth.

• Sau tất cả, sau cùng thì (khi đã xét đến mọi mặt).

When all is ————-, health is far more important than wealth.

• having said that (id) = despite Speaking & Writing Task 2

Modern technology brings many conveniences. Having—- that, it also creates privacy concerns.

• Mặc dù nói như vậy, tuy nhiên

Modern technology brings many conveniences. Having—- that, it also creates privacy concerns.

• to say the least (id) Speaking Part 1 & 3

The new policy caused a lot of controversy, to say the ————.

• Nói một cách nhẹ nhàng nhất/khiêm tốn nhất (dùng để nhấn mạnh quy mô/mức độ của sự việc).

The new policy caused a lot of controversy, to say the ————.

• you can say that again (id) agree with sth Speaking Part 1 & 2

"The exam was extremely tough." – "You can say that again!"

• Hoàn toàn đồng ý! (Chắc chắn rồi!)

"The exam was extremely tough." – "You can say that again!"

• that is to say (id) Writing Task 2 & Speaking Part 3

He is a polyglot; that is to —————, he can speak several languages fluently.

• Có nghĩa là, nói cách khác (giải thích rõ hơn ý vừa nói)

He is a polyglot; that is to —————, he can speak several languages fluently.