policy exam 1

rational

economists believe that people are ___ actors who will never purposely choose to make themselves worse off

satisfaction

utility=

maximize the utility

while most don’t enjoy going to the doctor or taking medicine, undergoing such regimens is seen to _____ of the services

finite

unfortunately, there is a ___ amount of healthcare resources available

demand

the quantity of goods and services that a consumer is willing and able to purchase over a specified time

elasticity

describes how responsive the change in demand or supply is when there is either a change in price or a change in income

moral hazard

a situation where a party lacks the incentive to guard against a financial risk due to being protected from any potential

supply

the amount of goods and services that producers are able and willing to sell at a given price over a given period

opportunity costs

refers to the cost associated with the options that are not chosen

healthcare rationing

the process of allocating limited healthcare resources in a way that maximizes benefits for the population

consensus

there is no ___ about what is the fairest way of making these important decisions

pareto-efficiency

refers to a state of resource allocation in which it is impossible to make any one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off

health

word that doesn’t appear in the Constitution, which limits the gov from having complete autonomy over all states and territories

no duty to treat principle

healthcare providers have no general legal duty to provide care

did not wrongfully cause her death

supreme court ruling charlotte burk was refused care by dr eddingfield, and she ultimately passed away

does not

obtaining a license to practice medicine ___ obligate an individual to practice

stare decisis

requires that courts adhere to judicial precedent

informed decisions

includes right to refuse treatment

griswold v connecticut

case that settled the right to privacy, used 14th amendment

disclose

canterbury v spence, ruled it is the physician’s obligation to ___ all dangers inherently and potentially involved with procedures

equal protection of the laws

roe v wade used 14th amendment, grants this

balancing interest of the community vs the individual

most persistent challenge of public health policy

police powers

represent the inherent authority of state and local govs to regulate individuals in the name of public health promotion and protection

more just

another perspective is that law should not only organize and control the society, but be used to achieve a ___ society

maintaining order, establishing standards, protecting liberties, resolving disputes

roles of the legal system

constitutions, statues, regulations, common law

four primary sources of law

retain freedom

this lead for the constitution to being drafted to ensure that there was an equal balance of power within the government

19-20 years

thomas jefferson believed that the constitution should be rewritten every

living constitution

the Constitution should be interpreted in light of current conditions, rather than being strictly bound by the original intentions of its framers.

Moral constitution

constitutional interpretation should be guided by moral principles and values, such as justice, equality, and human rights.

Strict constructionism

•judges should apply the text of the Constitution exactly as it is written, without inferring broader meanings or considering the intent behind the text.

150

there are on average __ amendments per state

prospective and generality

statues are legislatively created

statutory directives

regulations are written assist with ____ ______ and to promote statutes’ underlying policy goals

common law

law that is derived from judicial decisions instead of from statues

checks and balances

counterbalancing influences, ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups

federalism

mode of government that combines a general government with regional government in a single political system

due process

protects individuals from arbitrary and unfair treatment at the hands of government

enforce legal rights, reviewing the actions of the political branches, maintaining stability in the law

key features of the legal system

trial courts, appellate courts, supreme court

federal court system three tiers

4.9 trillion

u.s. spends this much on healthcare

individual rights

the difficulty is balancing with

george washington and smallpox

vaccination policies started with 

bioethics

study of ethical, social, and legal issues that arise in biomedical research

professional autonomy perspective

the medical profession should have the authority to regulate itself

social contract perspective

noted that physicians having complete control could be problematic

deregulated environment

markets for healthcare services and health insurance operate best in

constituents

a citizen whom a legislator has been elected to represent

government-oriented solutions

expanding public research, create production incentives

private-oriented solutions

build upon public research with new funding, development of new ways to produce vaccines, build new plants to increase production capacity

governor

head of the state executive branch

interest group

refers to an organization that focuses on specific issues and has the goal of influencing and educating policymakers and the public

balanced budget

states are required to have a

policy brief

a concise summary of an issue that includes key pieces of information that helps readers understand and make informed decisions

policy development

developing evidence-based recommendations, used to guide implementation, including efforts to educate and promote community partnerships

assessment phase

big picture data, conducting a community needs assessment

policy development phase

communicate, mobilize communities, create and implement policies, utilize legal and regulatory actions

assurance phase

protect and promote the enacted policy, enforcing laws, develop infrastructure, ensuring access

interstate commerce clause

states that congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, states, and with the indian tribes

ngos

private groups organizing to advocate for public health causes, delivering public health services, and providing funding to support public health efforts

palau, comoros, and the usa

the uns convenant on economic, social, and cultural and rights treaty is ratified by all countries except

health

healthcare is not

second bill of rights

healthcare was listed in the ____ drafted by fdr

quality

us healthcare system is best described through the concepts of finance, access and

5 trillion, 18%

in 2024, the us spent ___ on healthcare services, representing __ of gdp

preventable causes

highest number of hospitalization from 

lack of competition

require government permission before building new hospital or expanding operations, only stopped competitors from entering the market

ACA

led to ~19 million newly insured individuals

uncompensated care costs

health care or services provided by hospitals or health care providers that don’t get reimbursed

30%

oph was only compensated for __ of their ED visits

employers

most people are covered by

underinsured

individuals do not have the financial means to cover the gap between what their insurance coverage pays for and the total cost of their medical bills

federal programs

undocumented immigrants are not allowed to enroll in

more than 50 employees

medium to large businesses (___) are required to offer health insurance by way of ACA

19-64

the age range with the highest uninsured rates are adults between

southern

these states are most likely to be uninsured

medical home

consistent source of care, associated with better and timelier access to care

spillover effect

•Communities with a high number of uninsured individuals are less likely to have usual sources of care, schedule an office visit, and be satisfied with their quality of care

•This negatively affects insured individuals in the community

•Providers in primarily uninsured communities often earn less revenue relative to costs

social security amendments

introduced medicare and medicaid into law bc the aging population had grown and there were no government health insurace plans

incapable

private insurers were becoming increasingly ____ •of providing comprehensive, affordable health care coverage to the rapidly growing population of older adults

pre existing conditions

insurers cannot deny you coverage or charge you more because of 

scope of practice

setting basics standards and procedures that all embody all professions

professional standard of care

the legal standard used in medical negligence cases to determine whether health professionals and entities have adequately satisfied their responsibility to provide reasonable care to their patients

•1) The appropriate standard of care

•(2) Breach of that standard by the provider

•(3) Measurable damages

•(4) Causal link between the defendant’s breach and the patient’s injury

•A patient seeking to hold a health professional responsible for substandard care or treatment must demonstrate

Professional Custom Rule

- the doctor violated the customs of his own profession as determined by others within the profession

Locality Rule

•the idea that a healthcare provider or hospital is judged by the standard of care in their same or a similar area

Vicarious liability

•where one party can be held legally accountable for the actions of another party based solely on the type of relationship existing between the two parties

Corporate liability

holds entities accountable for their own “institutional” acts or omissions when their negligence causes or contributes to an injury

Effectiveness

¡ability to produce a desired or intended result

Patient-Centeredness

being sensitive to the needs, values, and preferences of each patient

Timeliness

provide care in a timely manner

Population-level equity

refers to reducing healthcare disparities among subgroups

healthcare safety net

¡Any entity providing health care to the uninsured and other vulnerable populations

Ryan Haight Act

requires at least one in-person visit before prescribing controlled substances

formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation

steps in the policy making process