AP Biology Unit 2 - Cell Structure and Function Vocab

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29 Terms

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hypertonic

has a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

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hypotonic

has a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

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hydrolytic enzymes

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond

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flagella and cilia

aid in cell movement and sensing

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hydrophilic

attracts and mixes with water

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vesicles

small sac or bubble that contains fluid or gas and is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane

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glycoproteins

proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

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aquaporins

channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water between cells

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extracellular space

space outside the cell occupied by fluids

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intracellular space

all fluids that occupy space inside the cells

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alternative hypothesis

an opposing theory to the null hypothesis

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ATP

carries energy within cells (adenosine triphosphate)

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salinity

the amount of salt dissolved in water

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cytoskeleton

system of protein fibers that gives shape, support, and movement to eukaryotic cells

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surface area to volume ratio

measure of how much surface a shape has relative to its size (SA:V)

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active transport

net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration with the direct input of metabolic energy

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passive transport

net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy

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embedded proteins

proteins that are permanently embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

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cellular components

the biomolecules/structure of cells in living organisms

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channel protein

transmembrane proteins that are involved in the entry and departure of substances from the cell

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semipermeable membrane

barrier that only allows certain molecules to pass through

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correlation

relationship between instances of two events

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membrane potential

difference in electric potential between the interior and exterior of a cell

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water potential

predicts which way water diffuses through plant tissues, calculated from solute potential and pressure potential

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facilitated diffusion

type of passive transport that helps molecules move across the membrane

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solute potential

negative in a plant cell and zero in water

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compartmentalization

the presence of separated compartments inside the cell, with specific conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes

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archaea bacteria

bacteria that are capable of living in extreme environments

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endosymbiosis theory

theory of how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells