AP Biology Unit 2 - Cell Structure and Function Vocab

hypertonic

hypertonic

has a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

hypotonic

has a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

hydrolytic enzymes

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond

flagella and cilia

aid in cell movement and sensing

hydrophilic

attracts and mixes with water

vesicles

small sac or bubble that contains fluid or gas and is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane

glycoproteins

proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

aquaporins

channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water between cells

extracellular space

space outside the cell occupied by fluids

intracellular space

all fluids that occupy space inside the cells

alternative hypothesis

an opposing theory to the null hypothesis

ATP

carries energy within cells (adenosine triphosphate)

salinity

the amount of salt dissolved in water

cytoskeleton

system of protein fibers that gives shape, support, and movement to eukaryotic cells

surface area to volume ratio

measure of how much surface a shape has relative to its size (SA:V)

active transport

net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration with the direct input of metabolic energy

passive transport

net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy

embedded proteins

proteins that are permanently embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

cellular components

the biomolecules/structure of cells in living organisms

channel protein

transmembrane proteins that are involved in the entry and departure of substances from the cell

semipermeable membrane

barrier that only allows certain molecules to pass through

correlation

relationship between instances of two events

membrane potential

difference in electric potential between the interior and exterior of a cell

water potential

predicts which way water diffuses through plant tissues, calculated from solute potential and pressure potential

facilitated diffusion

type of passive transport that helps molecules move across the membrane

solute potential

negative in a plant cell and zero in water

compartmentalization

the presence of separated compartments inside the cell, with specific conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes

archaea bacteria

bacteria that are capable of living in extreme environments

endosymbiosis theory

theory of how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells