APHUG Unit 1-4 KBATs

Cultural landscape

The human imprint upon the natural environment.

Cartography

The theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps.

Cartographic scale

The ratio of a distance on Earth compared to the same distance on a map.

Geographical scale

A conceptual hierarchy of spaces, small → large that reflect actual levels of organization in the real world.

Scale of analysis

The relative size of the map/lens chosen to observe geographical phenomena.

Spatial analysis

The process of examining the locations, attributes, and relationships of features in spatial data to understand patterns and trends in geographic phenomena.

Environmental determinism

The theory that the environment determines, plays a decisive role, or causes social and cultural development.

Possibilism

The theory that the natural environment places constraints on human activity, but humans can adapt to some environmental limits while modifying others using technology.

Place

A specific point on Earth with humans and physical characteristics that distinguish it from others.

Remote sensing

The process of photographic Earth from satellites.

GIS (Geographic information systems)

A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface.

GPS (Geographic positioning system)

Uses data from satellites to pinpoint locations, velocity, and time synchronization.

Mercator Projection

A map projection that accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size.

Robinson Projection

A map projection that shows the entire Earth, but distorts both shape and size to make it represent the 3D Earth as best as possible.

Census data

Statistical data about a population collected during a census.

Human-environment interaction

The effect people have on the environment and vice versa.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Opening up the Northwestern territory and the eventual settlement of this region.

Toponym

A place name that reflects the geographic or cultural significance of a location.

Longitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe; East → West.

Latitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of the parallels drawn on a globe; North → South.

Region

An area of land that can be differentiated by at least one characteristic.

Formal region

An area within which everyone shares a common one or more distinctive characteristic.

Vernacular region

An area that people believe exist as a part of their cultural identity.

Functional region (Nodal region)

An area organized around a central focal point or node.

Site

The exact location of a city (e.g. London, England or Seoul, South Korea).

Situation

The situation of a settlement is its location in relation to surrounding human and physical features.

LDC (Less developed country)

A country that is at an early stage of development.

MDC (more developed country)

A country that has advanced socially and economically.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Prime Meridian

0 degrees longitude.

Distribution

The way something is spread out/arranged over a geographic area.

Relative location

Description of a place in relation to other features.

Absolute location

The exact location of a place.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by total land area.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of land.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of land.

Space-time compression

The set of processes that cause the relative distances between places; The world is getting smaller.

Distance decay

As distance between two places increase, the interaction between them decrease.

Diffusion

The process by which a something spreads across space from one place to another.

Contagious diffusion

Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic.

Hierarchical diffusion

Spread from people of authority.

Stimulus diffusion

When a dominant culture introduces an idea or technology to a less dominant culture.

Relocation diffusion

Spread through movement of people from one place to another.

Friction of distance

Movement incurs some form of cost, and the costs are proportional to the distance travelled.

Globalization

Shrinking of the world caused by too much economic interaction and cultural diffusion.

Demography

The study of population characteristics.

DTM (Demographic transition model)

A tool demographers use to categorize countries’ population growth and economic structures.

Overpopulation

The lack of necessary resources to support the needs of the population of a defined area.

Ecumene

Land that is permanently populated by human society.

CBR (Crude birth rate)

The number of live births occurring during a year per every 1,000 people in a given population.

CDR (Crude death rate)

The ratio of the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a given population.

NIR/RNI (Natural rate of increase)

CDR subtracted from CBR (CBR-CDR=NIR)

Doubling time

Amount of time it takes for a value to double itself at a consistent rate of growth.

TFR (Total fertility rate)

An estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years.

IMR (Infant mortality rate)

Measure of how many babies per 1,000 births die before their first birthday.

Life expectancy

How long you are expected to live a natural life in your country.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of people who can realistically be sustained by the geography of that area.

Agricultural Revolution

The transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining.

Industrial Revolution

The transition from creating goods by hand to using machines.

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

ZPG (Zero population growth)

When the CBR and CDR are both low.

Population pyramid

Type of graph that depicts the age and sex demographic of a specific place.

Dependency ratio

The percentage of people who are either too old or too young to work and need to be supported by the labor and working adults.

Elderly support ratio

The number of working-age people (~15-24) divided by the number of people that are 65+.

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Pro-natalism

Countries that encourage people to have children.

Anti-natalism

Countries that encourage people to not have children.

Thomas Malthus/Malthusian Theory

The world’s population will grow faster than the rate of food production, and we will starve.

Neo-Malthusian

Overpopulation and/or overconsumption will lead to a humanitarian and ecological disaster.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Describes the changing patterns of health and disease in a population as it transitions through stages of development.

Pandemic

An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a widespread geographical area and affects a high portion of the population.

Migration

A permanent move to a new location.

Emigration

Migration from a location.

Immigration

Migration to a new location.

Net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

Circulation

Types of short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements (usually between two places) that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly, or annually.

Ravenstein’s laws

Laws/generalizations about where and why migrants move.

Push factor

A factor that induces people to move out of their present location.

Pull factor

A factor that induces people to move to a certain location.

Refugee

Someone who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, etc.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Migration Transitional Model

A model that shows a change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that produce demographic transition.

International migration

A permanent move from one country to another.

Voluntary migration

Choosing to move, usually attracted by a pull factor like economic benefit.

Forced migration

Compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors (push factors).

Internal migration

Permanent move within a particular country.

Interregional migration

Migration from one region of a country to another region of that same country.

Intraregional migration

Movement within a region.

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives of members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Quota

A law that places a maximum limit on the number of people that can migrate to a country per year.

Brain drain

Large scale emigration by talented people.

Guest workers

A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Nativism

A policy favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants.

Counter-urbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDLs.

Remittances

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated.

Habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.

Custom

A repetitive act performed by a group of people.

Folk culture

Static, practiced in more isolated places and by relatively homogenous groups.

Popular culture

Dynamic, found in larger, more connected and heterogenous groups.

Culture hearth

Place of origin of s widespread cultural trend.