Advanced A&P - Unit 8 Study Guide: Metabolism

metabolism

the collection of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

cellular metabolism

all the chemical reactions occurring in the cell

anabolism

small molecules built up into larger ones, require energy

catabolism

• larger molecules are broken down, releases energy

• about 60% of energy released will be “lost” as heat

ATP

• the “energy currency” of the cell; can be transferred to other molecules when necessary to accomplish cellular work

• 3 parts: adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate chains

• 2nd and 3rd phosphates of ATP are attached by high-energy bonds; energy will be released when this bond breaks

phosphorylation

metabolic process of adding a third phosphate to ADP to convert it back to ATP

gylcolysis

• occurs in cytosol

• anaerobic; consists of a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions

• products: 2, 3-carbon pyruvic acids

• net gain of 2 ATP

• 2 NADH formed

lactic acid

what pyruvic acid is converted to if oxygen is not presented

NADH produced after glycolysis

• after glycolysis and if oxygen is present, pyruvic acids is transported to mitochondria and undergoes reactions to form Acetyl CoA

• ____ per pyruvic acid: 2

• ____ per glucose: 4

citric acid cycle

aerobic, occurs in mitchondria

3 (6 per glucose)

number of NADH produced in citric acid cycle

1 (2 per glucose)

number of FADH produced in citric acid cycle

1 (2 per glucose)

number of ATP produced in citric acid cycle

NADH & FADH

most of energy is carried in these hydrogen carriers

function of NAD & FAD

accept high energy electrons and hydrogen ions, becoming reduced to NADH and FADH which transport electrons to ETC to drive ATP synthesis

ETC

• occurs in mitochondria

• ATP synthase: an enzyme complex that uses the energy to add a phosphate to ADP to form ATp

• each oxidized NADH yields 3 ATP

• each oxidized FADH yields 2 ATP

• 24 ATP total

• final electron acceptor: oxygen

38 ATP

total ATP produced from aerobic cellular respiration

citric acid cycle

phase of cellular respiration that produces CO2

4 Cal/g

carb caloric yield

4 Cal/g

protein caloric yield

9 Cal/g

lipid caloric yield; most concentrated energy source

beta oxidation

chemical process that breaks down fatty acids to form Acetyl CoA, which can enter citric acid cycle

keton bodies

• form from excessive beta oxidation of fatty acids as seen during starvation, poorly controlled type I diabetes & diets very low in carbs

• acidosis can lead to coma or death

deamination

removing amino acids in amino acid catabolism

urea

after amino acids have been removed; waste product excreted by kidneys