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temperature
measure of the average kinetic energy of water molecules
Physical Properties
temperature, color, taste, odor, urbidity
Temperature
measure of the average kinetic energy of water molecules
Mean Annual Temperature
10 to 21 degrees Celsius
Color
indicates presence of organic substances and potentially toxic organic materials
colored water
unfit to drink
Taste
simple compounds - sour and salty; complex organic compounds - sweet and bitter
Odor
produced due to decomposition of organic matter; measured through H2S meter
Turbidity
light-transmitting properties of water and is composed of suspended and colloidal material
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
small amounts of organic matter and inorganic salts in water
Solids
settleable (gravity) and suspended (colloid)
Chemical Characteristics
pH, salinity, alkalinity, hardness, major ions, heavy metals, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD)
pH Level
indicates acidity (0) to basicity (14) of water
Salinity
increases due to dissolved sodium, chloride, carbonate and sulfate
Alkalinity
measures the capacity of water to neutralize acids and protect aquatic life against rapid pH changes
Hardness
natural characteristic that enhances potability and is caused by presence of calcium and magnesium minerals
Major Ions
can influence chemical nature of natural water mineral content, and it occurs due to dissolved inorganic chemicals
Heavy Metals
metallic chemical elements that are toxic at low concentration and have a high density
Examples of Heavy Metals
mercury, arsenic, nickel, chromium, cadmium, lead, copper, cobalt
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
needed by aquatic organisms to grow and survive
require high DO
trout and stoneflies
can survive with low DO
catfish, worms, dragonflies
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
the amount of dissolved oxygen required by aerobic biological organisms to degrade the organic material present in a water body at a certain temperature over a specific time
used as indication of organic quality of water
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Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize the organic matter in a water body considering specific conditions like temperature, time, and oxidizing agent
indicates the amount of organic materials that can be degraded by microorganisms
cod
calcium
healthy growth and bone development
magnesium
immune system, blood cell turnover and muscle movement
sodium
balancing electrolyte and water in body
fluoride
to reduce levels of tooth decay
Water Quality Indicators
DO, temperature, pH level, E.coli, specific conductance, nitrates, transparency
Escherichia Coli
fecal coliform bacteria from human and animal waste and can increase during flooding
Specific Conductance
electrical conductivity affected by inorganic dissolved solids
Nitrates
an organic compound that occurs under a variety of conditions and can increase algae growth
Transparency
how far light can penetrate water and is measured with Secchi disk
Types of Impurities
Physical, Chemical and Biological
Physical Impurities
turbidity, color, taste, odor, temperature, radioactivity
Chemical Impurities
organic compounds, pH level
Biological Impurities
caused by presence of living microorganisms
Types of Wastewater Collection Systems
Sanitary, Storm, Combined Sewer
Sanitary Sewer
collects commercial and household wastes
Storm Sewer
collects runoffs from streets, lands and roofs
Combined Sewer
collects sanitary and storm water
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