Treatment of Disorders

Three approaches to therapy:

Insight, behavior, and biomedical therapy

Insight therapies are designed to help clients understand:

The causes of their problems

The understanding or insight gained through insight therapies will help clients:

Gain greater control over their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

The leading insight approaches include ______ therapies

Psychoanalytic / psychodynamic, cognitive, and humanistic

Psychoanalytic / psychodynamic, cognitive, and humanistic therapies are based upon a:

Personal relationship between the client and therapist

A variety of ______ based upon insight are available for families and married couples

Group therapies

Behavior therapy focuses on:

The problem behavior itself

Does behavior therapy focus on the behavior's underlying causes?

No

Behavior therapy is based on the principles of:

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

Biomedical therapies are based on the premise that:

The symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors

Examples of biological factors as symptoms of psychological disorders:

Chemical imbalances, disturbed nervous system functions, and abnormal brain chemistry

Biomedical therapy uses ______ to treat psychological disorders

Drugs and electroconvulsive therapy

Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis rest upon the premise that ______ are the underlying causes of psychological disorders

Unconscious conflicts and repressed memories

During psychoanalysis the therapist helps the patient gain insight into how:

Childhood conditions created unconscious conflicts

During psychoanalysis, does insight occur easily or quickly?

No

During psychoanalysis, why does insight not occur easily or quickly?

The ego utilizes a variety of defense mechanisms to repress unconscious conflicts and thoughts

5 major psychoanalytic techniques:

Encouraging free association, analyzing dreams, analyzing resistance, analyzing transference, offering interpretation

In free association, the patient lies on a ______

Couch

In free association, the patient spontaneously reports:

Thoughts, feelings, and mental images

What does the psychoanalyst do during free association?

Ask questions

Why does the psychoanalyst ask questions during free association?

To encourage the flow of associations

Why does the psychoanalyst encourage the flow of associations during free association?

To provide clues as to what the patient's unconscious wants to conceal

Freud believed that dreams are symbolic representations of:

Unconscious conflicts and repressed impulses

Freud analyzed his patient's dreams as a means of interpreting their:

Unconscious conflicts, motives, and desires

The patient's conscious or unconscious attempt to conceal disturbing memories, motives, and experiences

Resistance

Freud believed that the therapist must help a patient confront and overcome ______

Resistance

The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings from his or her past onto the therapist

Transference

Example of transference:

During a therapy session a patient directs his anger toward the therapist in the same manner that he acted toward his father

Freud believed that transference helps patients gain:

Insight

How can transference help patients gain insight?

By reliving painful past relationships

The techniques of psychoanalysis create a:

Close relationship between a patient and his or her psychoanalyst

During psychoanalysis, the psychoanalyst waits for the right opportunity to offer:

A carefully timed interpretation of the patient's hidden conflicts

Psychoanalysis seems to work best for:

Articulate, highly motivated patients who suffer from anxiety disorders

Drawbacks of psychoanalysis:

Time consuming and expensive

Cognitive therapy rests on the assumption that:

Faulty thoughts cause psychological problems

Examples of faulty thoughts that cause psychological problems:

Negative self-talk and irrational beliefs

Cognitive therapists believe that irrational beliefs are a source of:

Much unhappiness

Cognitive therapists help their patients:

Change the way they think about and interpret life events

Albert Ellis (1913-2007) noted that most people believe that their emotions and behaviors are the direct result of:

Specific events

Example that most people believe that their emotions and behaviors are the direct result of specific events:

It is not your poor performance in an athletic tryout that makes you feel miserable (which you believe is the case), but rather your irrational belief that if you do not make the team your popularity will suffer a serious
setback

How did Ellis challenge the commonsense interpretation of people believing that their emotions and behaviors are the direct result of specific events?

By arguing that our feelings are actually produced by the irrational beliefs we use to interpret events

Example of how our emotions and behaviors are not the direct result of specific events, but instead are produced by irrational beliefs we use to interpret these events:

It is not the poor SAT or ACT score that makes you feel miserable but rather your irrational belief that if you do not achieve a very high score your high school record is a complete failure

Ellis developed a ______ therapy

Rational emotive

The rational emotive therapy has ___ steps

4

RET stands for:

Rational emotive therapy

Function of the RET:

To help clients recognize and change their self-defeating thoughts

4 steps in the RET:

Identifying activating events, identifying belief systems, examining emotional consequences, and disputing erroneous beliefs

RET therapy begins by:

Identifying an "activating event"

The activating event identified in RET therapy affects a client’s:

Mental processes and behavior

Example of identifying activating events in RET therapy:

You are nervous during a job interview and are
not hired

The second step in RET therapy is to identify the client's:

Irrational beliefs and negative self-talk

Example of identifying belief systems in RET:

You interpret the poor job interview by telling yourself, "I can't stay calm during a job interview. I'll never get a job."

RET therapists argue that irrational beliefs lead to:

Self-defeating behaviors, anxiety disorders, and depression

Example of examining emotional consequences in RET:

A disappointing job interview leads to a feeling of depression that reinforces irrational beliefs

In the final step of RET therapy, the therapist:

Vigorously disputes the client's faulty logic and self-defeating "should," "must," "can't," and "never" beliefs

Example of disputing erroneous beliefs in RET:

A therapist would challenge the statement: “I will never get a job because I get too nervous at job interviews"

Is changing irrational beliefs easy?

No

Replacing negative self-talk with rational beliefs requires:

Time and patience

Example of changing irrational beliefs in RET:

The therapist would suggest that the client make the following statement instead: "| can stay calm and confident during an interview and I will find the perfect job for me."

Albert Beck (b. 1921) developed a form of ______ therapy

Cognitive

Albert Beck’s cognitive therapy has proven to be particularly effective for treating:

Depression

Beck helps his clients come to grips with negative beliefs about:

Themselves, their worlds, and their futures

Beck argues that depression-prone people are particularly susceptible to focusing selectively on:

Negative events

Beck argues that depression-prone people are particularly susceptible to ignoring:

Positive events

Depression-prone people typically engage in ______ thinking

All-or-nothing

How do depression-prone people engage in all-or-nothing thinking?

By believing that everything is either totally good or bad

Cognitive therapy has proven to be a highly effective treatment for:

Anxiety disorders, depression, addiction, anger management, and bulimia nervosa

Cognitive therapy has been criticized for relying too heavily on:

Rationality

Cognitive therapy has been criticized for ignoring the client's:

Unconscious drives

Do humanist psychologists view human nature as irrational or self-destructive?

No

Humanist psychologists contend that people are:

Innately good and motivated to achieve their highest potential

When people are raised in an accepting atmosphere they will develop:

Healthy self-concepts

When people are raised in an accepting atmosphere they will strive to:

Find meaning in life

According to humanist psychologists, people with problems must strive to overcome obstacles that:

Disrupt their normal growth potential and impair their self-concepts

Profession of Carl Rogers:

Humanist psychologist

Carl Rogers developed the ______ approach to therapy

Client-centered

Client-centered therapy is also called:

Person-centered therapy

One of the most widely used models in psychotherapy:

Client-centered therapy

In client-centered therapy, the therapist creates a ______ environment

Comfortable, non-judgmental

How does the therapist create a comfortable, non-judgmental environment in client-centered therapy?

By demonstrating empathy and unconditional positive regard toward his or her patients

How are client-centered therapists different from psychoanalysts and cognitive therapists?

Do not offer a carefully timed interpretation or a vigorous challenge to their client's beliefs

Client-centered therapists create a:

Non-directive environment in which their clients are encouraged to freely find solutions to their problems

Example of exchange utilizing the non-directive approach utilized by client-centered therapists:

Client: I feel totally rejected. I'm too shy and I'll never be popular.

Therapist: I guess you feel that way a lot, don't you? That people dismiss you. It's hard to have feelings like that.

Does a client-centered therapist challenge the client's beliefs?

No

What does a client-centered therapist do when the client speaks?

Actively listens and then paraphrases and clarifies what the client said

Humanistic therapy emphasizes the ______ role each individual can play in:

Positive and constructive, controlling and determining their mental health

Humanistic psychology has helped remove some of the ______ attached to therapy

Stigma

How has humanistic psychology helped to remove some of the stigma attached to therapy?

By emphasizing the positive and constructive role each individual can play in controlling and determining their mental health

Characteristics of client-centered therapy:

Unstructured and very subjective

Is it easy to objectively measure basic humanistic concepts in client-centered therapy?

No

Why is it not easy to objectively measure basic humanistic concepts in client-centered therapy?

Client-centered therapy is unstructured and very subjective

Examples of basic humanistic concepts that client-centered therapy cannot objectively measure:

Self-actualization and self-awareness

The psychoanalytic, cognitive, and humanist approaches all focus on the problems of:

A single client

Group, family, and marital therapists work with:

A small group of clients

In group therapy a humber of people:

Meet and work toward therapeutic goals

Group therapy enables clients to realize that:

Their problems are not unique

Can and do group therapists draw upon a variety of therapeutic approaches?

Yes

Group therapists often base their sessions on the principles of ______ therapy developed by:

Humanistic therapy, Carl Rogers

______ offer a popular variation on group therapy

Self-help groups

Example of self-help group:

Alcoholics Anonymous