Studied by 2 people
Astrolabe
an instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars
Banking Houses
issued bills of exchange; model for modern banks
Batu Khan
the son of Genghis Khan’s oldest son who led an army of 100,000 Mongolian soldiers into Russia conquering small Russian kingdoms
Bills of Exchange
documents stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date
The Bubonic Plague
Mongol conquests brought fleas that carried the bubonic plague to Asia and Europe
Calicut
city on the west coast of India that became a thriving center of trade
Caravans
groups of people traveling together for mutual protection, often with pack animals such as camels
Caravanserai
inns that popped up about 100 miles apart along the routes of the Silk Roads
Camel Saddle
saddles developed by South Arabians as the use of the camel spread
Chagatai Khanate
a medieval Central Asian empire and successor state to the Mongol Empire, ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan’s son, Chagatai Khan
Composite Bow
a versatile weapon that provided the Mongol cavalry with superior range, accuracy, and mobility
Constantinople
the capital of the eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and later the Ottoman Empire
Credit
an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future
Cultural Diffusion
the spread of ideas, religions, and products often resulting from trade
Dhow Ships
Arab ships with lateen sails that facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean networks
Diaspora
settlements of people away from their homeland arising from trade
Flying Money
a system of credit developed in China allowing deposits at one location and withdrawals at another
Genghis Khan
name meaning “ruler of all” given to Temujin when he was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom
Ghana Empire
first of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa known as the Land of Gold
Gobi Desert
a desert in central Asia where many invaders came in to attack China
Golden Horde
Batu’s army that pushed westward through Russia and then into Europe
Goryeo Dynasty
a medieval Korean kingdom that became a vassal state under Mongol rule
Gujarat
a region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing
Gunpowder
invented in China in the 9th century; used in siege warfare
Hangzhou
capital of the Song Dynasty
The Hanseatic League
a commercial alliance formed between northern German cities and Scandinavia
Hulegu
grandson of Genghis Khan that took control of the southwest region into the Abbasid territories
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time
Il-Khanate
Hulegu’s medieval Mongol state that ruled over Persia and parts of the Caucasus and Anatolia
Indian Ocean Basin
largest sea-based trade network at the time
Indian Ocean Slave Trade
slaves from eastern Africa sold in northern Africa, the Middle East, and India
Junk
Chinese sailing ship that developed during the Song Dynasty
Kashgar
trading city located at the western edge of China where Silk Roads crossed
Khanates
the four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose after Genghis Khan's death
Khmer Empire
powerful empire in modern-day Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam
Kievan Rus’
a medieval East Slavic federation that fell under Mongol domination
Kublai Khan
grandson of Genghis Khan who conquered China and established the Yuan Dynasty
Kuriltai
meeting of Mongol chieftains in 1206 where Temujin was elected khan
Lateen Sail
triangular-shaped sail that could catch wind from many directions
Magnetic Compass
navigation tool for determining direction
Malacca
a Muslim city-state that became wealthy by collecting fees from passing ships
Mali Empire
West African empire with trading cities Timbuktu and Gao
Mansa Musa
brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth during his reign
Marco Polo
Italian traveler who wrote about his travels to China
Margery Kempe
English mystic who wrote one of the earliest autobiographies in English
Mecca
city in western Arabia, birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty founded by Zhu Yuanzhang after the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty
Mogadishu
city in the coastal region of East Africa
Money Economy
using money rather than bartering with commodities like cowrie shells or salt
Monsoons
heavy winds that affected trade routes in the Indian Ocean
Moscow
Russian city-state that collected additional tributes to build an anti-Mongol coalition that defeated the Golden Horde in 1380 at the Battle of Kulikovo
Nomadism
a central component of Mongol society, characterized by their mobile lifestyle, reliance on animal husbandry, and skilled horsemanship, which enabled the Mongols to establish a vast empire through their expertise in mounted warfare and strategic mobility
Ortogh
a merchant partnered with the state and individual aristocrats in the Mongol Empire
Overgrazing
continual eating of grasses or their roots without allowing them to regrow which led to abandonment of cities outside of Great Zimbabwe in the late 1400s
Pax Mongolica
the period of Mongolian peace between the 13th and 14th centuries
Porcelain
a fine blue and white ware from China
Sahara Desert
large desert in northern Africa with an arid climate that make farming nearly impossible
Samarkand
located in present-day Uzbekistan in the Zeravshan River valley, this city was a stopping point on the Silk Roads between China and the Mediterranean
Siege Weapons
portable towers and catapults
Soil Erosion
overuse of farmland and deforestation reduced agricultural production in feudal Europe
Songhai Kingdom
an Islamic empire established in the 1400s after the decline of the Mali Empire in West Africa
Song Dynasty
(906-1279) Chinese dynasty that preceded the Yuan Dynasty
The Spice Islands
term for the islands of modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia that exported spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom
Stern Rudders
invented by the Chinese and made steering ships easier and more stable
Sundiata
Mali’s founding ruler who gained control of the gold trade routes
Sultanate of Malacca
powerful Islamic kingdom which reached its peak in the mid- 1400s
Swahili City States
thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa created by Indian Ocean trade
Timbuktu
a very wealthy and world-renowned center for Islamic learning
Trans-Saharan Trade
route across the Sahara Desert; traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels and camel saddles were crucial in the development of these trade networks; facilitated the spread of Islam
Tumen
a military unit consisting of approximately 10,000 soldiers, led by a commander known as a noyan, and formed the backbone of the Mongol military organization during their conquests
Uyghur Script
system of writing that Genghis Khan adopted for the Mongol Empire
White Lotus Society
a secret society that began organizing to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
established by Kublai Khan in 1271 and was tolerant towards various religious groups in China
Zheng He
a Muslim admiral, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of seven great voyages that took his many ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa
Zhu Yuanzhang
Buddhist monk that led the revolt to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty in 1368
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Flashcard (21)