2. Introduction to Histology: Cytology

Question 1 What is the key description or significance of Histology?

Study of the tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs.

Question 2 Which term or structure is described as: Study of the tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs.

Histology

Question 3 What is the key description or significance of Histos?

Greek root meaning tissue.

Question 4 Which term or structure is described as: Greek root meaning tissue.

Histos

Question 5 What is the key description or significance of Logos?

Greek root meaning study.

Question 6 Which term or structure is described as: Greek root meaning study.

Logos

Question 7 What is the key description or significance of Fixation?

Step that preserves tissue structure and prevents degradation.

Question 8 Which term or structure is described as: Step that preserves tissue structure and prevents degradation.

Fixation

Question 9 What is the key description or significance of Formalin?

Fixative listed for light microscopy.

Question 10 Which term or structure is described as: Fixative listed for light microscopy.

Formalin

Question 11 What is the key description or significance of Glutaraldehyde?

Fixative listed for electron microscopy.

Question 12 Which term or structure is described as: Fixative listed for electron microscopy.

Glutaraldehyde

Question 13 What is the key description or significance of Dehydration?

Removal of cell water and fixative using a series of alcohol solutions.

Question 14 Which term or structure is described as: Removal of cell water and fixative using a series of alcohol solutions.

Dehydration

Question 15 What is the key description or significance of Clearing?

Removal of alcohol from tissue using a clearing agent.

Question 16 Which term or structure is described as: Removal of alcohol from tissue using a clearing agent.

Clearing

Question 17 What is the key description or significance of Xylene?

Clearing agent listed in the histology handout.

Question 18 Which term or structure is described as: Clearing agent listed in the histology handout.

Xylene

Question 19 What is the key description or significance of Infiltration?

Soaking cleared tissue in melted paraffin wax to facilitate handling and cutting.

Question 20 Which term or structure is described as: Soaking cleared tissue in melted paraffin wax to facilitate handling and cutting.

Infiltration

Question 21 What is the key description or significance of Embedding?

Placing paraffin-infiltrated tissue in a mold to obtain a rigid specimen for sectioning.

Question 22 Which term or structure is described as: Placing paraffin-infiltrated tissue in a mold to obtain a rigid specimen for sectioning.

Embedding

Question 23 What is the key description or significance of Trimming?

Trimming the paraffin block to expose tissue for sectioning on a microtome.

Question 24 Which term or structure is described as: Trimming the paraffin block to expose tissue for sectioning on a microtome.

Trimming

Question 25 What is the key description or significance of Staining?

Application of dyes to aid visualization of tissue architecture, physical characteristics, cells, and extracellular material.

Question 26 Which term or structure is described as: Application of dyes to aid visualization of tissue architecture, physical characteristics, cells, and extracellular material.

Staining

Question 27 What is the key description or significance of Hematoxylin?

Purplish-blue component of the commonly used H&E stain.

Question 28 Which term or structure is described as: Purplish-blue component of the commonly used H&E stain.

Hematoxylin

Question 29 What is the key description or significance of Eosin?

Red or pink component of the commonly used H&E stain.

Question 30 Which term or structure is described as: Red or pink component of the commonly used H&E stain.

Eosin

Question 31 What is the key description or significance of Cell?

Basic structural and functional unit of life.

Question 32 Which term or structure is described as: Basic structural and functional unit of life.

Cell

Question 33 What is the key description or significance of Metabolism?

Cell function involving energy production and biosynthesis of macromolecules.

Question 34 Which term or structure is described as: Cell function involving energy production and biosynthesis of macromolecules.

Metabolism

Question 35 What is the key description or significance of Cell communication?

Chemical signaling through membrane receptors.

Question 36 Which term or structure is described as: Chemical signaling through membrane receptors.

Cell communication

Question 37 What is the key description or significance of Cell transport?

Controlled exchange of ions, nutrients, and wastes.

Question 38 Which term or structure is described as: Controlled exchange of ions, nutrients, and wastes.

Cell transport

Question 39 What is the key description or significance of Cell defense?

Immune recognition and phagocytosis of foreign material.

Question 40 Which term or structure is described as: Immune recognition and phagocytosis of foreign material.

Cell defense

Question 41 What is the key description or significance of Cell growth and reproduction?

Includes mitosis, meiosis, and tissue regeneration.

Question 42 Which term or structure is described as: Includes mitosis, meiosis, and tissue regeneration.

Cell growth and reproduction

Question 43 What is the key description or significance of Mitosis?

Somatic cell division that produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Question 44 Which term or structure is described as: Somatic cell division that produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Mitosis

Question 45 What is the key description or significance of Prophase?

Mitotic phase in which chromosomes condense and the spindle apparatus begins forming.

Question 46 Which term or structure is described as: Mitotic phase in which chromosomes condense and the spindle apparatus begins forming.

Prophase

Question 47 What is the key description or significance of Metaphase?

Mitotic phase in which chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

Question 48 Which term or structure is described as: Mitotic phase in which chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

Metaphase

Question 49 What is the key description or significance of Anaphase?

Mitotic phase in which sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles.

Question 50 Which term or structure is described as: Mitotic phase in which sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles.

Anaphase

Question 51 What is the key description or significance of Telophase?

Mitotic phase in which the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense.

Question 52 Which term or structure is described as: Mitotic phase in which the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense.

Telophase

Question 53 What is the key description or significance of Cytokinesis?

Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

Question 54 Which term or structure is described as: Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

Question 55 What is the key description or significance of Meiosis?

Specialized process involving two cell divisions in cells that form sperm and egg cells, producing haploid cells.

Question 56 Which term or structure is described as: Specialized process involving two cell divisions in cells that form sperm and egg cells, producing haploid cells.

Meiosis

Question 57 What is the key description or significance of Meiosis I?

Division in which homologous chromosomes separate and genetic recombination can occur through crossing-over.

Question 58 Which term or structure is described as: Division in which homologous chromosomes separate and genetic recombination can occur through crossing-over.

Meiosis I

Question 59 What is the key description or significance of Meiosis II?

Division in which sister chromatids separate, similar to mitosis.

Question 60 Which term or structure is described as: Division in which sister chromatids separate, similar to mitosis.

Meiosis II

Question 61 What is the key description or significance of G1 phase?

Interphase period in which cells accumulate enzymes and nucleotides required for DNA replication.

Question 62 Which term or structure is described as: Interphase period in which cells accumulate enzymes and nucleotides required for DNA replication.

G1 phase

Question 63 What is the key description or significance of S phase?

Cell-cycle phase characterized by DNA replication, histone synthesis, and the beginning of centrosome duplication.

Question 64 Which term or structure is described as: Cell-cycle phase characterized by DNA replication, histone synthesis, and the beginning of centrosome duplication.

S phase

Question 65 What is the key description or significance of G2 phase?

Relatively short gap after DNA duplication and before mitosis; a period of preparation for mitosis.

Question 66 Which term or structure is described as: Relatively short gap after DNA duplication and before mitosis; a period of preparation for mitosis.

G2 phase

Question 67 What is the key description or significance of G0?

State in which cell-cycle activities are temporarily or permanently suspended.

Question 68 Which term or structure is described as: State in which cell-cycle activities are temporarily or permanently suspended.

G0

Question 69 What is the key description or significance of Nucleus?

Control or command center of the cell; houses DNA and contains machinery for DNA replication and RNA synthesis and processing.

Question 70 Which term or structure is described as: Control or command center of the cell; houses DNA and contains machinery for DNA replication and RNA synthesis and processing.

Nucleus

Question 71 What is the key description or significance of Nuclear envelope?

Double membrane around the nucleus; its outer membrane is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 72 Which term or structure is described as: Double membrane around the nucleus; its outer membrane is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Nuclear envelope

Question 73 What is the key description or significance of Nuclear pores?

Large protein complexes that regulate exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 74 Which term or structure is described as: Large protein complexes that regulate exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nuclear pores

Question 75 What is the key description or significance of Chromatin?

DNA plus associated proteins.

Question 76 Which term or structure is described as: DNA plus associated proteins.

Chromatin

Question 77 What is the key description or significance of Euchromatin?

Light-staining, transcriptionally active chromatin.

Question 78 Which term or structure is described as: Light-staining, transcriptionally active chromatin.

Euchromatin

Question 79 What is the key description or significance of Heterochromatin?

Dark-staining, transcriptionally inactive chromatin.

Question 80 Which term or structure is described as: Dark-staining, transcriptionally inactive chromatin.

Heterochromatin

Question 81 What is the key description or significance of Nucleolus?

Dense, nonmembranous nuclear structure that is the site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Question 82 Which term or structure is described as: Dense, nonmembranous nuclear structure that is the site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Nucleolus

Question 83 What is the key description or significance of Plasma membrane?

Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins forming the outer boundary of the cell.

Question 84 Which term or structure is described as: Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins forming the outer boundary of the cell.

Plasma membrane

Question 85 What is the key description or significance of Phospholipid?

Amphipathic membrane lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty-acid tails.

Question 86 Which term or structure is described as: Amphipathic membrane lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty-acid tails.

Phospholipid

Question 87 What is the key description or significance of Cholesterol in the membrane?

Membrane component that stabilizes and modulates membrane fluidity.

Question 88 Which term or structure is described as: Membrane component that stabilizes and modulates membrane fluidity.

Cholesterol in the membrane

Question 89 What is the key description or significance of Integral membrane protein?

Protein incorporated directly within the lipid bilayer.

Question 90 Which term or structure is described as: Protein incorporated directly within the lipid bilayer.

Integral membrane protein

Question 91 What is the key description or significance of Peripheral membrane protein?

Protein bound to one of the two membrane surfaces.

Question 92 Which term or structure is described as: Protein bound to one of the two membrane surfaces.

Peripheral membrane protein

Question 93 What is the key description or significance of Glycocalyx?

Delicate cell-surface coating formed by carbohydrate-containing glycolipids and glycoproteins; involved in recognition, adhesion, and receptor functions.

Question 94 Which term or structure is described as: Delicate cell-surface coating formed by carbohydrate-containing glycolipids and glycoproteins; involved in recognition, adhesion, and receptor functions.

Glycocalyx

Question 95 What is the key description or significance of Endocytosis?

Uptake of material into a cell.

Question 96 Which term or structure is described as: Uptake of material into a cell.

Endocytosis

Question 97 What is the key description or significance of Phagocytosis?

Endocytosis of particulate material.

Question 98 Which term or structure is described as: Endocytosis of particulate material.

Phagocytosis

Question 99 What is the key description or significance of Pinocytosis?

Endocytosis of dissolved substances or fluid.

Question 100 Which term or structure is described as: Endocytosis of dissolved substances or fluid.

Pinocytosis