APUSH 3.9,3.10,3.11

Cultural Nationalism

A sense of national identity derived from shared cultural beliefs, values, and heritage, often in response to foreign influences or threats.

Utopia

An imagined society where everything is perfect; various utopian communities were formed in America aiming to achieve ideal societies.

Antebellum

Refers to the period in America before the Civil War, marked by intense social, political, and economic changes.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, nature, and individualism, often as a reaction against industrialization.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement focusing on the inherent goodness of people and nature, emphasizing self-reliance, spirituality, and connection to nature.

2nd Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the early 19th century promoting evangelism, social reform, and the idea of personal salvation.

Temperance

The movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, promoting moderation or total abstinence from alcohol.

Common (Public) School Movement

Led by Horace Mann, this movement aimed to provide free, universal, and non-sectarian schooling to improve society.

Abolition

The movement to end slavery in the United States.

Cult of Domesticity

A prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes that emphasized women's roles as homemakers and moral guardians of the family.

Shakers

A religious group known for celibate, communal living, and their simple, creative lifestyle, famous for their furniture and crafts.

Hudson River School

A group of artists who painted American landscapes, emphasizing the beauty and grandeur of nature as an expression of Romantic ideals.

Burned Over District

Refers to an area in upstate New York heavily influenced by religious revivals and reform movements, especially during the Second Great Awakening.

Mormons

A religious group founded by Joseph Smith; later led by Brigham Young, they settled in Utah to escape religious persecution.

American Temperance Society

An organization founded in 1826 to promote temperance and advocate for the reduction of alcohol consumption.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A leader of the Transcendentalist movement, promoting individualism, nature, and spirituality.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist author of 'Walden,' advocating for civil disobedience and simple living.

George Ripley

A Transcendentalist who founded Brook Farm, an experimental utopian community.

Charles Finney

A prominent preacher during the Second Great Awakening known for his revivalist approach and social reform efforts.

Joseph Smith and Brigham Young

Founders and leaders of the Mormon faith, which introduced new religious ideas and practices in America.

Dorothea Dix

An advocate for the mentally ill who worked to reform mental health institutions.

Horace Mann

The 'Father of American Education,' who pushed for public schooling to ensure an educated citizenry.

Susan B. Anthony

A prominent leader in the women's rights and suffrage movements.

William Lloyd Garrison

An abolitionist who published 'The Liberator,' a newspaper advocating for the immediate end of slavery.

Frederick Douglass

A former enslaved person, orator, and writer who became a leading voice in the abolitionist movement.

Harriet Tubman

Known for her work with the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved people escape to freedom.

Sojourner Truth

An abolitionist and women's rights advocate famous for her 'Ain't I a Woman?' speech.

Nat Turner

Led a rebellion against slavery in Virginia in 1831, increasing tensions over slavery.

Grimke Sisters

Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Southern abolitionists and early advocates for women's rights.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' which galvanized anti-slavery sentiment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, launching the women's rights movement.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

The first women's rights convention, where the 'Declaration of Sentiments' was presented, calling for equal rights.

American Peace Society

An organization advocating for peace and anti-war sentiment.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison, it was a major organization advocating for the abolition of slavery.

American Colonization Society

An organization founded to resettle free Black Americans in Africa, leading to the establishment of Liberia.