Exam 1: ENS 303

Kinesiology

the study of movement; includes aspects from anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics

kinetics

the study of forces, such as gravity, friction, and pressure

kinematics

the analysis of body movement

Stability

the ability to be firmly fixed or supported

mobility

the ability to move

Balance

the even distribution of weight

coordination

the organization of different elements

Simultaneous movement

entire body moves at the same time

Sequential movement

movement occurs through a series of smaller, articulating movements

kinetic chain

the movement patterns' predictable sequences; within the kinetic chain there is the articular chain, myofascial chain, and neural chain

Articular chain

is in regards to... joints

Myofascial chain

is in regards to... muscle and fascia

neural chains

is in regards to... nerves

Proportion

corresponding in size to something else

Symmetry

composed of the same parts on opposite sides

Connective tissue cells consist of...

Osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and chondroblasts

Osteoclasts

break down bone

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Osteoblasts

build new bone

Fibroblasts

secrete protein fibers

Chondroblasts

build cartilage

What are the properties of connective tissue?

elasticity, plasticity, creep, thixotropy, etc.

Stretch

lengthen without damage

Elasticity

rebound and return without damage

Plasticity

altered when stretched into a new shape

Creep

slow and gradual change in shape over time due to things such as gravity

Tensile strength

ability to be pulled in 2 opposite directions

Piezoelectric effect

(piezo= press or squeeze) soft tissues create an electrical charge when compressed

Structural categories of connective tissue

liquid, loose, dense, cartilaginous, and osseous

Liquid connective tissue

90% water (blood and mucus)

Loose connective tissue

less fibers, more ground substance (adipose tissue)

Dense connective tissue

more fibers, less ground substance (tendons and ligaments)

Osseous connective tissue

has mineral salts mixed in (bone) for stiffness

Types of forces placed on connective tissues

compressive and tensile

Compressive connective tissue

functions by PROPPING UP (bones and cartilage)

Tensile connective tissue

functions by SUSPENDING (fascia, tendons, ligaments, etc.)

Types of bones

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

Long bone

femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpal/tarsal

Short bone

carpals and tarsals

Flat bone

sternum, scapula, ribs

Irregular bone

vertebrae and sphenoid bone (in skull)

Sesamoid bone

patella

Main functions of bone

maintain body shape, weight bearing, support tissues, provide framework and spacing, and provide levers for movement

Compact bone

dense and strong; outer layer of bones that contain osteons

Spongy bone

light and porous; inner part of bones made of trabeculae

Wolff's law

bone will thicken under stress or break down when not used aka "use it or lose it"

Types of cartilage

fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, and hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

the toughest form of cartilage, found in intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis

Elastic cartilage

the most pliable found in the external ear

Hyaline cartilage

most common found on the ends of long bones such as femur

Layers of fascia profunda

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

Perimysium

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)

Endomysium

around each muscle fiber; separates muscles fibers from each other

Tendons

muscle to bone PARALLEL

Ligaments

bone to bone CROSSHATCHED

Aponeurosis

a broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon that increases stability or strength of a region (ie lower back)

Retinaculum

thick band of connective tissue (fascia) that holds tendons in place

Periosteum

membrane of dense connective tissues surrounding long bone; the membrane on the outside surface of bone that allows for bone fusion and muscle attachment

Planes of the body

sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal), and oblique

Sagittal plane

splits L and R

Frontal plane

splits front and back

Transverse plane

aka horizontal splits top and bottom

Oblique plane

at an angle or combo of 2 or 3 cardinal planes

Sagittal axis

intersects front plane

Frontal axis

intersects sagittal plane

Vertical axis

intersects transverse plane

Oblique axis

intersects oblique plane

Movements of the neck

flexion (chin down), extension (head up straight), lateral flexion (ear to shoulder), rotation (turn side to side)

Movements of spine

flexion (bend forward), extension (arch back), lateral flexion (side bend), rotation (twist)

Movements of scapula

elevation (shrug), depression (move down), protraction (put forward), retraction (pull back), upward rotation (arms up), downward rotation (arms down)

Movements of shoulder

flexion (arm forward), extension (arm back), abduction (arm away), adduction (arm in), internal rotation (turn in), external rotation (turn out), horizontal abduction/adduction (arms across body)

Movements of elbow

flexion (bend), extension (straighten)

Movements of wrist

flexion (palm down), extension (palm up), radial deviation (thumb side in), ulnar deviation (pinky side in)

Movements of pelvis

anterior tilt (butt out), posterior tilt (butt tucked), lateral tilt (one hip up), rotation (twist)

Movements of hip

flexion (leg forward), extension (leg back), adduction (leg in), abduction (leg out), internal rotation (turn in), external rotation (turn out)

Movements of knee

flexion (bend), extension (straighten), rotation (only when bent)

Movements of ankle

dorsiflexion (toes up), plantar flexion (toes down)

Movements of subtalar joint

inversion (sole up), eversion (sole out)

Structural classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Fibrous joints

no synovial cavity, dense fibrous tissue (little to no movement)

Cartilaginous joints

no synovial cavity, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

Functional classifications of joints

synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic

Synarthrotic

little to no movement (suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis)

Amphiarthrotic

slightly movable

Diathrotic

freely moveable

Types of synovial joints

hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball-and-socket, and gliding

Hinge joint

elbow, knee, talocrural joint (ankle)

Pivot joint

radioulnar joint (forearm), C1 and C2 of neck

Ellipsoid Joint

aka condyloid; radiocarpal joint (wrist) and metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckles)

Saddle Joint

thumb

Ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

Gliding joint

carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (ankle bones)

Thixotropy

response to change or pressure by transforming into liquid or gel (ie. honey in the fridge→ stiff)

Epimysium

outmost layer of fascia profunda

Diarthrotic

freely moveable

Degrees of freedom

the movement allowed at a joint aka UNIAXIAL=1 degree of freedom. BIAXIAL= 2 degrees of freedom.

Active ROM

move the joint using your own muscle (no help)

Passive ROM

someone else moves your joint (no muscle effort from you)

Resisted range of motion

you move against resistance (ie. therapists hand, weights, bands)

Joint play

movements that can only be done passively (as in moving your knuckle with your other hand)