Eye and Ear Anatomy Flashcards

This is a set of flashcards on Eye and Ear Anatomy, designed to help you prepare for your PAO 5000 Anatomy Module 1 Lecture 4 exam. It covers key concepts, structures, and functions of the eye and ear as taught by Professor Perez.

Instructional Objective 29

Differentiate the anatomical layers of the eye and their functions.

Instructional Objective 30

Compare and contrast the structures associated with the lens and its ability to accommodate for distance between eye and object.

Instructional Objective 31

Describe the organization of contractile elements in iris.

Instructional Objective 32

Differentiate the fibrous tunic and their functions.

Instructional Objective 33

Arrange the vascular tunic and their functions.

Instructional Objective 34

Arrange the nervous tunic structures and functions.

Instructional Objective 35

Understand the anatomy of the eye, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal system, and the importance of their functions.

Instructional Objective 36

Categorize the accessory structures of the eye and their functions.

Instructional Objective 37

Differentiate the origin and functions of the cranial nerves.

Instructional Objective 39

Understand the position and major connections of the visual systems and visual pathway.

Instructional Objective 40

Describe the anatomy and appearance of the external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane.

Instructional Objective 41

Understand the anatomy of the ear ossicles and their relationships within the tympanic cavity including the muscles.

Instructional Objective 42

Differentiate the anatomy and function of the ear.

Instructional Objective 43

Categorize the vascular, neuron and lymphatic components associated with the ear.

Instructional Objective 44

Compare the origin and functions of the cranial nerves associated with the ear.

Instructional Objective 45

Understand the position and major connections of the visual system, semicircular canals, and equilibrium (balance).

List the general senses

Pressure, temperature, pain, and touch

What is another name for pain receptors?

Nociceptors

What bones make up the medial wall of the bony orbit?

Maxilla, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Palatine, Sphenoid, and Frontal Bones

What bones make up the lateral wall of the bony orbit?

Zygomatic and Frontal Bones

What bone makes up the superior wall of the bony orbit?

Frontal Bone

What bones make up the inferior wall of the bony orbit?

Maxilla, Zygomatic, and Palatine Bones

What is the purpose of the continual blinking of the upper eyelid?

To keep the eye lubricated & moist

What is the function of the meibomian gland?

To secrete lipid rich product to keep the eyelid from sticking together

List the structures of the lacrimal apparatus

Lacrimal Gland, Lacrimal Punctum, Lacrimal Canaliculus, Lacrimal Sac, Nasolacrimal Duct

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

to keep bacteria and foreign material from getting behind the eye

What is the function of the eyelashes?

To filter out foreign matter

What structures make up the lacrimal apparatus?

lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct

What is the function of your tears?

Moisten and lubricate the eye and eyelid linings

What hormone is contained in your tears?

Lysozyme

What cranial nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi m.?

CN VII (Facial n.)

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi m.?

To close the eye tightly

What cranial nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superioris m.?

CN III (oculomotor n.)

What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris m.?

Elevates the superior eyelid

What nerve innervates the superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles?

Oculomotor n. (CN III)

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

Abducens (abducent) n. (CN VI)

What nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?

Trochlear n. (CN IV)

What nerve innervates the inferior oblique muscle?

Oculomotor n. (CN III)

What does the mnemonic 'LR6 SO4 O3' help you remember?

Lateral Rectus innervated by the 6th cranial nerve (Abducens nerve), Superior Oblique innervated by the 4th cranial nerve (Trochlear nerve), All other extraocular muscles innervated by the 3rd cranial nerve (Oculomotor)

What are the effects of a CN III (Oculomotor) Palsy?

Lateral deviation, Downward deviation, Ptosis

What are the effects of a CN IV (Trochlear) Palsy?

Upward deviation

What are the effects of a CN VI (Abducens) Palsy?

Medial deviation

What structures make up the fibrous tunic (outer layer) of the eye?

Sclera and Cornea

What structures make up the vascular tunic (middle layer) of the eye?

Iris, Ciliary body, and Choroid

What structures make up the nervous tunic (inner layer) of the eye?

Retina and Optic Nerve (CN II)

What disease is the result of a blockage of the Canal of Schlemm?

Glaucoma

List the characteristics of the cornea

Transparent and avascular

What structures make up the uveal tract (uvea)?

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

What is accommodation in reference to the eye?

The lens adjusts its shape to focus

What is the function of the iris?

Divides the anterior cavity into an anterior and posterior chamber

What is aqueous humor?

A watery fluid secreted by the ciliary body

Where is aqueous humor produced?

Ciliary body into the posterior chamber of the anterior cavity

What is the circulation pathway of the aqueous humor?

Flows from posterior chamber → through pupil → anterior chamber

What are the functions of the aqueous humor?

Provides nutrients, Removes metabolic waste, Maintains intraocular pressure (IOP), Acts as a fluid cushion for the anterior eye

What muscles are present in the iris?

Sphincter pupillae m. and Dilator pupillae m.

What is the function and innervation of the Sphincter pupillae m.?

Contraction causes constriction of pupil, Parasympathetic system, Innervated by CN III

What is the function and innervation of the Dilator pupillae m.?

Contraction causes pupil dilation, Sympathetic system, Innervated by CN III

How does the lens accommodate?

Increases in curvature to focus on near objects

List the structures of the fundus

Retina, Optic Disc, Blind Spot, Optic cup, Macula, Fovea, Arteries, and Veins

What do rods provide?

Scotopic vision (vision in low light) / black and white (monochromatic) vision

What do cones provide?

Photopic vision (vision in bright light) / Responsible for color vision

What are the locations of the rods and cones in the retina?

Rods are most densely packed in the peripheral regions of the retina and Cones are Concentrated in the fovea centralis

List the cells of the retina

Photoreceptors, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells, Horizontal Cells, Amacrine Cells, and Supporting Cells

What structures make up the optic cup?

Inner layer: Develops into the neural retina, which contains photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells responsible for visual processing, Outer layer: Becomes the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which supports photoreceptor function and absorbs excess light.

What is the Cup-to-disc ratio (CDR)?

Used in eye exams to assess the optic nerve head

What is a normal CDR?

0.3 or less

Describe the light pathway for vision

Cornea, Anterior Chamber, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous, Retina, Optic Nerve, Crosses at the Optic Chiasm, Optic tract to lateral geniculate in thalamus, Visual Cortex of the Brain (occipital lobe)

What visual defect will result from cutting the optic chiasm?

Bitemporal hemianopsia

What are the functions of the ear?

Functions in the sense of equilibrium and hearing

What strutures make up the outer ear?

Auricle (helix, pinna) and External acoustic meatus (external auditory canal)

What structures make up the external ear?

pinna, external auditory canal and tympanic membrane

How does the ear collect sound?

Auricle (pinna), External acoustic (auditory) meatus, Tympanic membrane

What is the function of the external ear?

collect sounds

What are the auditory ossicles?

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

What is the function of the Eustachian tube (auditory tube, pharyngotympanic tube)?

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

What structures make up the inner ear?

3 semicircular canals and Cochlea

What is the function of the external ear?

Function = collect sounds

What are the three semicircular canals?

Anterior Canal, Posterior Canal and Lateral Canal

What movements do the the three semicircular canals detect?

Anterior Canal = Detects head movements in the sagittal plane (nodding up and down), Posterior Canal = Detects head movements in the coronal plane (tilting left and right), Lateral Canal = Detects head movements in the transverse plane (shaking side to side)

What movements does the Utricle detect?

Side-to-side and forward-backward movements

What movements does the Saccule detect?

up-and-down movements

What ducts is the cochlear duct separated into?

scala vestibuli, scala media, & scala tympani

What structure is located in scala media?

Organ of Corti

What is the Organ of Corti?

The cochlear hair cells, serves as receptor for sound

Describe the auditory pathway

Pinna to ear canal, Tympanic membrane, Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), Oval window, Scala vestibuli, Organ of Corti (hair cells), Cochlear nerve, Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), Brain stem (medulla & pons), Thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus), Primary auditory cortex (in Temporal lobe)

What strutures are the organs of static (linear) equilibrium located in?

Vestibule = saccule and utricle

Where are the otoliths located?

Saccule and utricle

What is balance?

Sense of equilibrium consists of static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium

What makes up the Vestibulocochlear nerve = CN VIII?

ampullary, utricular & saccular = vestibular branch (nerve) - equilibrium, cochlear branch (nerve) = cochlea - hearing