PD1A III: Personality Development & Related Theories

Erik Erikson

Developed the 8 stages of psychosocial development.

• Infancy

• Early Childhood

• Play Age

• School Age

• Adolescence

• Young Adult

• Adulthood

• Old Age

8 Psychosocial Stages

Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity vs. Role confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Integrity vs. Despair

8 Psychosocial Crisis

• Hope

• Will

• Purpose

• Competency

• Fidelity

• Love

• Care

• Wisdom

8 Basic Virtue

Sigmund Freud

Developed the Model of Personality (Psychoanalytic Theory)

ID

The element of personality that is present from birth; entirely unconscious and includes the instinctive and primitive behaviors; pleasure principle.

EGO

The element of personality responsible for dealing with reality; functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind; will satisfy the ID through delayed gratification, reality principle.

SUPEREGO

The element of personality that begins to emerge at age 5; holds all of our internal moral standards and ideals; provides guidelines for making judgement; acts to perfect civilize our behavior; moral principle

• Ego Ideal

• The Conscience

(2) Parts of the SUPEREGO

Ego Ideal

The part of the SUPEREGO that includes the rules and standards for good behavior that are generally accepted.

The Conscience

The part of the SUPEREGO that includes information about things that are considered bad.

EGO Stength

The term that refers to the EGO’s ability to function despite dwelling forces.

Overly Dominant ID

An imbalance in a person’s element of personality that causes them to be impulsive.

Overly Dominant SUPEREGO

An imbalance in a person’s element of personality that causes them to be judgmental or extremely moralistic.

Excessively Dominant EGO

An imbalance in a person’s element of personality that causes them to be incapable of accepting change.

Denial

A primitive defense mechanism that distorts reality to suit the individual themselves.

Regression

A primitive defense mechanism of returning to a behavior pattern characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

Acting Out

A primitive defense mechanism of performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or expressions.

Dissociation

A primitive defense mechanism of losing track of time and self and the usual thought processes.

Projection

A primitive defense mechanism that attributes one’s unacceptable urges or qualities to others.

Reaction Formation

A primitive defense mechanism that thinks or behaves the opposite way of the real intention.

Repression

A primitive defense mechanism that stores unpleasant experiences in the subconscious mind; basic defense mechanism.

Displacement

A primitive defense mechanism of redirecting the feelings of hostility from self to another that is less threatening.

Intellectualization

A primitive defense mechanism that overemphasizes thinking when confronted with an unacceptable situation.

Rationalization

A primitive defense mechanism that provides an explanation to provide an undesirable behavior appear logical.

Undoing

A primitive defense mechanism that attempts to take back an unconscious behavior that is unacceptable.

Mature Defense Mechanism

A defense mechanism that is more focused on helping the individual be more constructive.

Sublimation

A mature defense mechanism that channels unacceptable impulses to more acceptable ones.

Compensation

A mature defense mechanism that counterbalances perceived weaknesses with strengths in other areas.

• Oral

• Anal

• Phallic

• Latency

• Genital

(5) Psychosexual Stage of Development

Carl Jung

He developed the learning style analytical psychology

Extraversion vs. Introversion

Sensation vs. Intuition

Thinking vs. Feeling

Judging vs. Perceiving

(4) Jungian Learning Styles

Alfred Adler

Developed Individual Psychology and Personality Type

• Striving for Success

• Subjective Perceptions

• Unity & Self-consistency of Personality

• Social Interest

• Creative Power

(6) Tenets of Adlerian Theory

• Striving for Personal Superiority

• Striving for Success

(2) Avenues of Striving for Success