Development from Conception Through Young Adult

These flashcards cover key concepts related to human development from conception through young adulthood, emphasizing physical, cognitive, and psychosocial stages.

Pre-embryonic stage

The stage from conception to the third week of pregnancy, during which three distinct cell layers form.

Ectoderm

The outer layer of cells in the embryo that develops into the brain, spinal cord, nervous system, skin, hair, and nails.

Mesoderm

The middle layer of cells in the embryo that develops into the skeleton, connective tissue, muscles, and various body systems.

Endoderm

The inner layer of cells in the embryo that becomes the respiratory and digestive systems, liver, and pancreas.

Embryonic stage

The stage of development from the fourth to the eighth week, when basic organs are established.

Fetal stage

The period from the ninth week to birth, during which body organs and systems continue to grow.

Congenital anomalies

Birth defects that occur during fetal development, particularly in the embryonic stage.

Apgar score

A quick assessment tool used to evaluate a newborn's health immediately after birth.

Reflexes

Involuntary responses present in neonates, such as sucking and grasping.

Failure to thrive

A condition where an infant shows inadequate growth or development due to poor nutrition or lack of care.

Psychosocial development

The development of emotional and social skills and identity throughout different life stages.

Freud's oral stage

The first stage in Freud's theory where a child's primary interaction is through the mouth.

Erickson's trust vs. mistrust

The first stage of psychosocial development where infants learn to trust their caregivers.

Attachment

The emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver, important for healthy emotional development.

Temperament

The innate characteristics of a child's personality that determines their typical mood and behavior.

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy infant, usually during sleep.

Attachment issues

Problems that can arise if a child does not form a secure bond with caregivers during infancy.

Accidental injuries

Injuries that occur due to unexpected events, common in infants and toddlers.

Cognitive development

The progression of thinking and understanding during different stages of life.

Industry vs. inferiority

Erickson's stage for school-aged children, focusing on learning skills and gaining self-esteem.

Obesity

An excessive accumulation of body fat that can affect children's health.

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation when an individual becomes capable of reproduction.

Cognitive limitations in toddlers

The developing understanding of their environment and abilities during the toddler years.

Initiative vs. guilt

Erickson's stage for preschoolers that involves taking initiative while learning boundaries.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's stage for school-aged children where logical thinking develops.

Peer influences

The social pressures and interactions of individuals similar in age that affect behavior and development.

Identity vs. role confusion

Erickson's stage for adolescents where they explore their personal identity and roles in society.

Deductive reasoning

The ability to apply general principles to specific situations, a key cognitive ability in adolescence.

Sexual development

The changes that occur physiologically and psychologically associated with puberty.

Health issues for adolescents

Common problems faced by teenagers, including injuries, substance abuse, and mental health concerns.

Emotional stressors

Challenges related to relationships, family dynamics, and peer pressures commonly faced in adolescence.

Substance abuse

The harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, often seen during teenage years.

Socialization

The process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a society.

Infant reflexes

Basic reflexes such as sucking and swallowing that are critical for survival.

Deciduous teeth

The first set of teeth that develop in infants and are eventually replaced by permanent teeth.

Gender identity

A person's identification with the social construction of gender as male or female.

Toilet training

The process of teaching a child to use the toilet for urination and defecation.

Learning disabilities

Neurological disorders that affect learning and can hinder a child's academic performance.

Developmental tasks

Specific skills and competencies that children should achieve at certain stages of development.

Caregiver education

Teaching parents and guardians how to support their child’s health and well-being.

Peer approval

The desire for acceptance and validation from friends and peers, especially during adolescence.

Accidents in childhood

Unintentional injuries that are common due to children’s physical activity and explorative behavior.

Long-term goals

Plans that extend into the future and require sustained effort to achieve, especially relevant in adolescence.

Health promotion

Strategies designed to enhance well-being and prevent illness in individuals and communities.

Motor skill development

The progression of fine and gross motor skills during early childhood.

Social roles

Expected behaviors and responsibilities associated with a person's role in society.