AP Human Geography: Unit 4 Political Geography

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60 Terms

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Political geography

A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces emerge in the places that they do and with how the character of those spaces affects social, political, economic, and environmental understandings and practices.

<p>A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces emerge in the places that they do and with how the character of those spaces affects social, political, economic, and environmental understandings and practices.</p>
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State

A politically organized territory that is administered by sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states.

<p>A politically organized territory that is administered by sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states.</p>
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Territoriality

In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of propertyand attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended

<p>In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of propertyand attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended</p>
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Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

<p>Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.</p>
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Nation

a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting an area

<p>a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting an area</p>
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Nation-state

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

<p>a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.</p>
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Democracy

government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate soverign and have the final say over what happens within the state.

<p>government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate soverign and have the final say over what happens within the state.</p>
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Multinational state

States with more than one nation within its borders

<p>States with more than one nation within its borders</p>
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Multistate nation

Nation that stretches across borders and across states

<p>Nation that stretches across borders and across states</p>
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Colonialism

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place.

<p>rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place.</p>
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Centripetal

forces that tend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared idealogical objectives, and a common faith

<p>forces that tend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared idealogical objectives, and a common faith</p>
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Centrifugal

forces that tend to divide a country- such as internal religious, inguistic, ethnic, or ideologiacal differences.

<p>forces that tend to divide a country- such as internal religious, inguistic, ethnic, or ideologiacal differences.</p>
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Unitary State

centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state

<p>centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state</p>
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Federal State

shares power between the federal government and the local governments

<p>shares power between the federal government and the local governments</p>
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Devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

<p>the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states</p>
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Reapportionment

process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

<p>process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people</p>
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Balance of power

A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

<p>A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.</p>
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Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities (usually referencing Yugoslavia)

<p>Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities (usually referencing Yugoslavia)</p>
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Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

<p>Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.</p>
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Landlocked State

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.

<p>A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.</p>
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Chokepoint examples

Straight of Hormuz, Panama Canal

<p>Straight of Hormuz, Panama Canal</p>
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Irrendentism

the policy of a state wising to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state

<p>the policy of a state wising to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state</p>
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Shatterbelt

an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values

<p>an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values</p>
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consequent boundary

boundaries that are based on traits like religion and language

<p>boundaries that are based on traits like religion and language</p>
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geometric boundary

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.

<p>Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.</p>
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physical boundary

Political boundaries that correspond with prominent natural features such as mountain ranges or rivers.

<p>Political boundaries that correspond with prominent natural features such as mountain ranges or rivers.</p>
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superimposed boundary

a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern (ex: former colonizers in Sub-Saharan Africa drew borders around many ethnicities without any regard for these differences)

<p>a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern (ex: former colonizers in Sub-Saharan Africa drew borders around many ethnicities without any regard for these differences)</p>
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relic boundary

a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features

<p>a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features</p>
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antecedent boundary

A boundary line established before an area is populated

<p>A boundary line established before an area is populated</p>
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subsequent boundary

a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural or political characteristics of the bounded area

<p>a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural or political characteristics of the bounded area</p>
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United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

<p>An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.</p>
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

<p>A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations</p>
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European Union (EU)

an economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade and open borders among its members

<p>an economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade and open borders among its members</p>
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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

<p>Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.</p>
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South China Sea disputes

China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei all have competing claims sovereignty over ocean areas and the Paracels and the Spratly Islands

<p>China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei all have competing claims sovereignty over ocean areas and the Paracels and the Spratly Islands</p>
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ISIS

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, terrorist group

<p>Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, terrorist group</p>
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Bosnian Genocide

Between April 1992 and November 1995, Serbia set out to "ethnically cleanse" Bosnian territory by systematically killing Muslims and Croats.

<p>Between April 1992 and November 1995, Serbia set out to "ethnically cleanse" Bosnian territory by systematically killing Muslims and Croats.</p>
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Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

<p>A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.</p>
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Taiwan

an island to the east of mainland China; NOT recognized as a state; Chinese nationalists

<p>an island to the east of mainland China; NOT recognized as a state; Chinese nationalists</p>
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DMZ

A zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited; 38th parallel between North and South Korea

<p>A zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited; 38th parallel between North and South Korea</p>
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Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

<p>A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa</p>
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Satellite States

Countries in Eastern Europe that were independent but became politically and economically influenced/dependent on the Soviet Union. Also known as the Eastern Bloc.

<p>Countries in Eastern Europe that were independent but became politically and economically influenced/dependent on the Soviet Union. Also known as the Eastern Bloc.</p>
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Kurdistan

a stateless nation that is spread throughout Turkey, Iraq and Syria

<p>a stateless nation that is spread throughout Turkey, Iraq and Syria</p>
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Palestine

stateless nation feuding with territory with Israel

<p>stateless nation feuding with territory with Israel</p>
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Kashmir

A region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent; India and Pakistan dispute control of it. Predominantly Muslim.

<p>A region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent; India and Pakistan dispute control of it. Predominantly Muslim.</p>
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stateless nation

A nationality that is not represented by a state.

<p>A nationality that is not represented by a state.</p>
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UNCLOS

A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.

<p>A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.</p>
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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

the seazone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast over which a state has special rights as to the exploration and use of marine resources

<p>the seazone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast over which a state has special rights as to the exploration and use of marine resources</p>
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Territorial Zone

12 mile zone belonging to a nation that no one may enter without permission

<p>12 mile zone belonging to a nation that no one may enter without permission</p>
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Northern Ireland/ Ireland

countries are separated by Catholicism and Protestantism

<p>countries are separated by Catholicism and Protestantism</p>
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Argentina/ Chile

has the Andes mountain as a physical boundary.

<p>has the Andes mountain as a physical boundary.</p>
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India/Pakistan

countries are separated by religion Hinduism and Islam

<p>countries are separated by religion Hinduism and Islam</p>
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USA/ Canada

countries are separated by a line of latitude for a portion which is a geometric boundary

<p>countries are separated by a line of latitude for a portion which is a geometric boundary</p>
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USA/ Mexico

countries are separated by a physical boundary the Rio Grande for a portion

<p>countries are separated by a physical boundary the Rio Grande for a portion</p>
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autonomous region

an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority

<p>an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority</p>
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This country is an example of a unitary state

China

<p>China</p>
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This country is an example of a federal state

Switzerland

<p>Switzerland</p>
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ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

<p>Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region</p>
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Arctic boundary

five maritime boundaries between Russia, USA, Canada, Norway, and Denmark (Greenland)

<p>five maritime boundaries between Russia, USA, Canada, Norway, and Denmark (Greenland)</p>
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Haiti and Dominican Republic

borderline is a product of French and Spanish colonialism