science: coloring and DNA technology

explains several examples of bacteria that have been genetically modified and the purpose of each

E. Coli - Diabetes treatment

E. Coli - Growth defects

Mammalian cells- treated for heart attacks

How are clones created

Describe the process using nuclear transfer and how is this different from normal sexual reproduction

Nuclear transfer: A nucleus of a body cell gets placed into an egg cell. This results with an organism identical to the donor. In sexual reproduction, DNA comes from two parents. In nuclear transfer, it comes from one.

how does the DNA and chromosomes of a clone compare to the organism it was cloned from?

They are identical

What are the positives and potential negatives for farmers and consumers using genetically modified food

Positive: lasts longer, pesticides aren’t needed for the plants, and the food can be cheaper

Negatives: Can be harmful to humans, harmful to the environment, and expensive for seeds

What are restriction enzymes

Why are they useful tools in genetic engineering

Cut DNA at specific locations called recognition sequences.
Can be used to cut out bad genes: Can be used to make clones: Can insert good genes

What are sticky ends

Complementary ends of DNA that connect with each other

Human genome project

Map the entire human genome by determining the entire nucleotide sequence

Gel electrophoresis-

Technique that separates fragments based on their sizes

Dna fingerprinting

A pattern of bands made from non-coding DNA between genes that varies from person to person

gene therapy

replacing a defective gene with a normal one using viruses and CRISPER technology. (defective gene cut and new gene added to replace it)

Polymerase chain reaction

Method of making more DNA when only a small sample is available

Cloning vector

Carries a piece of DNA into a cell so the cell can copy it

Contrast embryonic and adult stem cells

Embryonic cells: found in embryos, can become any cell, controversial

Adult stem cells: found in adult tissues, can become some cells, not as controversial

what knowledge have humans gained through the human genome project

There is 20,000 genes

98% of our DNA doesn’t code (Junk DNA)

99% of all human DNA is the same

repetitive DNA in junk DNA

Explain the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning and explain uses for each

Reproductive cloning results in the creation of a new organism. Ex: mass producing desirable farm animals

Therapeutic cloning results in the creation of new parts of an organism: Ex: transplants