Phonetics Exam 2

Phoneme

smallest unit of speech production in a language that can signal a different meaning

Perceptual phonetics

audiological discrimination and transcription

Allophones

Produced differently in the mouth but are the same speech sound

IPA

captures oral productions, allophonic variations, dialectal differences, and disorders

Phonemic transcription

broad transcription at levels of phoneme; virgules

Phonetic transcription

narrow transcription used to capture allophonic variations; brackets

ways to describe a consonant

place, manner, voicing

how many speech sounds are in English

about 46

Parts of a syllable

onset, nucleus (vowel), coda

How is the tract when a vowel is produced?

open

Are the “er” vowels rhotics

yes

Coarticulatory influence

two contiguous phonemes that change the quality of both phonemes to create a unique sound

what type of diphthongs are rhotics?

centering

articulators

parts of our body that we can move and shape to make speech sounds

what type of function is speech?

overlaid

4 physiological systems

1. respiration

2. phonation

3. resonance

4. articulation

respiration

breathing; inspiration and expiration

two types of breathing patterns

1. tidal

2. speech

phonation

how we produce sounds for speech

phonation anatomy

1. larynx

2. vocal fold

   1. thyroarytenoid

   2. vocalis muscles

resonance

modifying laryngeal sounds

3 resonant cavities

1. laryngopharynx

2. oropharynx

3. nasopharynx

do two people have the same resonance

no

articulation

process of changing the shape of the vocal tract to produce speech sounds

articulation anatomy

1. lips

2. cheeks

   1. orbicularisoris

   2. buccinator

3. mandible

4. oral cavity

   1. teeth

   2. tongue

      1. tip

      2. blade

      3. front/center

      4. back

   3. hard palate

   4. velum

what is the tongue’s order from front to back?

1. tip

2. blade

3. front/center

4. back

place

place of production; 2nd descriptor

manner

describes the type and degree of turbulence in the air stream; 3rd term

voicing

presence or absence of phonation; 1st term

distinctive features

1. voicing

2. front/back

3. labiality

4. sonorancy

5. continuancy

6. sibilancy

7. nasality

why do SLPs use place, manner, and voicing?

compare the target word to the patient’s production to see how their production was wrong

what does coarticulation result in

allophonic productions

inflicted morphome

adding different morphemes to the root morpheme to change the meaning

inflicted morpheme example

adding an “s”

affricates

begin with a plosive and release into a fricative

cognate pair

two sounds are produced in the same manner, but one is voiced and the other is not

4 types of “r”s in English

1. consonental /r/

2. stressed rhotic central vowels 

3. unstressed rhotic central vowels (schwar)

4. rhotic vowel combinations 

palatal shading

coarticulation as we move between phonemes

where is palatal shading caught?

narrow transcription

phonological awareness

our cognitive understanding of the speech sound system of english; metacognitive and linguistic skill

three levels of stress

1. primary

2. unstressed

3. secondary

spondee

two syllable compound words that have equal stress on both syllables

phonemic transcription application of diacritic markers

indicate shifts in production, allophonic variation, and dialectal differences

syllabification

in unstressed syllables where coarticulation adds a vowel quality to the consonant 

clinical application of diacritic markers

errors

when can syllabification occur?

1. both consonants share the same place of articulation

   1. <button>

2. when your articulators are free to move in anticipation of the ending consonant while producing the earlier consonant

   1. <apple>

nasalization

indicates that consonants and vowels that are usually made with oral resonance have been produced with nasal resonance

nasal emission

heard on consonants that require pressurized air flow (fricatives, stops, affricates)

denasalization

reduced nasalization on phonemes that are supposed to be produced nasally

lengthening

indicates that a consonant or vowel has been made unusually prolonged

glottal stop

stopping the airstream at the level of the glottis

<bottle> —> /ba_ul/

glottal stop marker

question mark with no dot

unreleased

used on a plosive consonant that is not released

<up>, but not releasing the /p/

unreleased marker

top right corner of a square

coarticulated voicing

used on typically non-voiced consonants that are voiced because of surrounding phonemes

coarticulated voicing marker

v

dentalization

tongue touches teeth in a non-dental consonant

dentalization marker

] but facing down

lateralization

air is direction along the sides of the tongue in consonants

lateralization marker

upside down smile

orthography

spelling

clusters (blends)

contiguous consonants within a single syllable

common clusters

1. 2-3 consonants in length

2. usually contain 1 continuant

3. usually include 1 approximate

what are the continuants?

1. fricatives

2. glides

3. liquids

what are the approximates?

1. glides

2. liquids

Can affricates start syllables as part of consonant clusters

NO

phonotactic constraints

idea that some consonants in a row can’t form clusters

phonotactic constraint examples

1. /p.k/

2. /t.l/

3. /esh.f/

what do speech sound disorders capture?

articulation disorders and phonological processing disorders

stop

stopping airstream

plosive

stopping airstream, then releasing it into a vowel

vowel characteristics

1. tongue placement

2. lip rounding

3. tense

4. centralization

diphlongization

creating diphthongs

diphthong reduction

reducing diphthongs

strident

produced w/ greater noise intensity

/s, z, esh, ezh, dezh, tesh/

coronal

blade of tongue is raised from neutral position

anterior

obstruction of air in front of palato-alveolar region

/esh/

high

body of tongue raised above neutral position

low

body of tongue is below neutral position

derhotisized

lacking “r” ness

aspirated

audible air is released with a stop

phonological processes

systematic sound changes that affect classes of phonemes or phoneme sequences resulting in simplification of the production

epenthesis

adding a schwa to a word

errors of concern at any age

1. initial consonant deletion

2. backing

3. lateralization

4. childhood apraxia of speech characteristics

errors of concern after age 3

1. syllable deletion

2. cluster deletion

3. voicing errors