Phonetics Exam 2

Phoneme

smallest unit of speech production in a language that can signal a different meaning

Perceptual phonetics

audiological discrimination and transcription

Allophones

Produced differently in the mouth but are the same speech sound

IPA

captures oral productions, allophonic variations, dialectal differences, and disorders

Phonemic transcription

broad transcription at levels of phoneme; virgules

Phonetic transcription

narrow transcription used to capture allophonic variations; brackets

ways to describe a consonant

place, manner, voicing

how many speech sounds are in English

about 46

Parts of a syllable

onset, nucleus (vowel), coda

How is the tract when a vowel is produced?

open

Are the “er” vowels rhotics

yes

Coarticulatory influence

two contiguous phonemes that change the quality of both phonemes to create a unique sound

what type of diphthongs are rhotics?

centering

articulators

parts of our body that we can move and shape to make speech sounds

what type of function is speech?

overlaid

4 physiological systems

1. respiration

2. phonation

3. resonance

4. articulation

respiration

breathing; inspiration and expiration

two types of breathing patterns

1. tidal

2. speech

phonation

how we produce sounds for speech

phonation anatomy

1. larynx

2. vocal fold

   1. thyroarytenoid

   2. vocalis muscles

resonance

modifying laryngeal sounds

3 resonant cavities

1. laryngopharynx

2. oropharynx

3. nasopharynx

do two people have the same resonance

no

articulation

process of changing the shape of the vocal tract to produce speech sounds

articulation anatomy

1. lips

2. cheeks

   1. orbicularisoris

   2. buccinator

3. mandible

4. oral cavity

   1. teeth

   2. tongue

      1. tip

      2. blade

      3. front/center

      4. back

   3. hard palate

   4. velum

what is the tongue’s order from front to back?

1. tip

2. blade

3. front/center

4. back

place

place of production; 2nd descriptor

manner

describes the type and degree of turbulence in the air stream; 3rd term

voicing

presence or absence of phonation; 1st term

distinctive features

1. voicing

2. front/back

3. labiality

4. sonorancy

5. continuancy

6. sibilancy

7. nasality

why do SLPs use place, manner, and voicing?

compare the target word to the patient’s production to see how their production was wrong

what does coarticulation result in

allophonic productions

inflicted morphome

adding different morphemes to the root morpheme to change the meaning

inflicted morpheme example

adding an “s”

affricates

begin with a plosive and release into a fricative

cognate pair

two sounds are produced in the same manner, but one is voiced and the other is not

4 types of “r”s in English

1. consonental /r/

2. stressed rhotic central vowels 

3. unstressed rhotic central vowels (schwar)

4. rhotic vowel combinations 

palatal shading

coarticulation as we move between phonemes

where is palatal shading caught?

narrow transcription

phonological awareness

our cognitive understanding of the speech sound system of english; metacognitive and linguistic skill

three levels of stress

1. primary

2. unstressed

3. secondary

spondee

two syllable compound words that have equal stress on both syllables

diacritic markers

indicate shifts in production, allophonic variation, dialectal differences, and errors

syllabification

in unstressed syllables where coarticulation adds a vowel quality to the consonant