Argumentation Quiz #1

Argumentation

Using reason or logic to influence a belief or behavior

Persuasion

Using emotions and logic to influence beliefs or behavior

Three perspectives of argumentation

Rhetorical

Dialectical

Logical

Rhetorical

how we use communication to influence others

Dialectical

Solve issues through discussion and conversation

Logical

formal rules to test an argument

Types of advocacy

Self-advocacy

Group advocacy (organize petitions/protests)

Peer advocacy

Citizen advocacy (city level, school level)

Professional

Lobbying

Direct communication (direct private communication w decision maker)

Goals of a proper business letter

build rapport

offer necessary info

request action or change

Field of argument

social or professional context in which people argue

Types of presumptions

specifies who initially occupies ground

artificial

natural

Artificial presumption

Innocent until proven guilty

Natural presumption

natural presumption rests with the belief that’s being challenged in an argument

Dependent field of argument

Elements particular to a specific field

standards for proof

vocabulary

Invariant field of argument

basic communication skills

standards for proof and reasoning

argumentation techniques

Prima facie

at first sight sufficient for changing belief or behavior

powerful enough to suspend reliance on presumption

inherency

establishes that a problem exists as a direct result of existing belief or behavior

structural-cause is found in behaviors that operationalize beliefs

attitudinal-cause is found in beliefs of a field

Burden of proof

falls on advocate

enough support to change people’s minds

Defining terms

inclusionary rule-what falls under terms

Exclusionary rule-exclude things outside terms

adaptation rule-appropriate to field

neutrality rule-avoid emotion

clarity rule-more easily understood

proposition

identifies argumentative ground

formed about controversy (starting point)

locus of disagreement-what we must argue

5 canons of rhetoric

invention-system for finding arguments research and support

arrangement-orderly, connected argument intro-body-conclusion

style-choosing and arranging words

Delivery

memory

Arguing ethically

Clarity

Honesty

Efficiency

Relevancy

What terms to define

equivocal-2 or more meanings

vague-ambiguous shades of meaning

technical-jargon of a field

New

Coined-invented words