Unit 1 - Foundations of Immunology

Vaccine

Substance that builds preventative immune protection against a specific infection

Inactivated Vaccine

Dead bacteria with its signals

Attentuated Vaccine

Mild version of bacteria

Poliovirus

Infects and kills neurons causing paralysis

Jonas Salk

Created the inactivated poliovirus vaccine

HIV/AIDS

Attacks the immune system, making it hard to target for vaccines

What is the only virus eradicated?

Smallpox

Who was the 1st philosopher to describe immunity?

Thucydides

John Snow

Ended cholera outbreaks by removing contaminated water pumps

Robert Koch

Used microscopy and developed culturing techniques (agar) to make pure bacteria culture

Koch’s Postulates

1. Association: specific microorganisms always associated with disease

2. Isolation - microorganism can be isolated from diseased and grown pure

3. Causation - microorganism causes the disease

4. Recovery - same microorganisms can be newly isolated

Paul Elrich

Researched anti-serum and thought immunity was adaptive and humoral

Anti Serum

Blood serum with specific antibodies to give fast, short term immunity against disease

Side Chain Theory of Immunity

Special proteins in blood protect against pathogen

Metchnikoff (1883)

Discovered phagocytes/macrophages, and thought immunity was innate and cellular

Edward Jenner (1796)

Noticed milkmaids with cowpox didn’t get smallpox, so injected James with cowpox to test theory

Variolation

Taking smallpox from someone and giving it in hopes for a mild infection (was practiced in China, India, etc before Jenner)

Lymphocyte

Leukocyte/WBC from lymph nodes

Cell Fates

Cell is choosing how it’ll differentiate

B Cell

Antibody⁺ cell

T cell

CD3⁺ cell

Subtypes

Specialized cell type

Cognate Pair

Matching receptor and ligand specifically recognize and bind

Interferon

Soluable, transcriptor factor activated mediator that self and surroundingly signal

CD#

Naming convention for immune receptors

Cytokine

Secreted signalling immune molecules

Interleukins (IL#)

Subtype of cytokines that signal between cells

Skin

Dead cells with low nutrients to prevent viruses, bugs and bacteria from replicating

Ways pathogens enter

• Digestive, respiratory tract

• Cuts in skin

• Urinary/reproductive tract

• Blood

• Eye tract

First Defense of Immune System

Macrophages phagocyses pathogens

Second Defense of Immune System

Neutrophils enter from blood into tissue from cytokines to destroy everything

Lifetime of a Neutrophil

24 hours

Disseminate

Spread/scatter

Dendritic Cell

Antigen presenting cell (APC) that carries bacteria proteins via lymphatic system to the lymph node to present its MHC to T cells

Activation of T Cells

Specifically targets invading bacteria and activates B cells

Activated B Cells

Turns into a plasma to create antibodies within the bone marrow that circulate the blood