APUSH Period 8 Key Concepts

After the wartime alliance between the US & Soviet Union dissolved, what new foreign policies did the US develop?

Collective Security:

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), an attack on one country was an attack on all.

International Aid:

MARSHALL PLAN, provided billions of $ to rebuild war-torn countries in Europe.

TRUMAN DOCTRINE, $400 million in military aid to Greece & Turkey

Economic institutions to help NON-Communist nations:

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF), promoted trade & gave LOANS to countries in need.

How did the US "contain" communism (due to fear of it ex panding)?

Military engagements: KOREA and VIETNAM; Domino Theory - fear if one country fell to communism the rest would.

Massive Retaliation:

If attacked, the US would respond with MORE force.

Space race:

Reaction due to SPUTNIK & Yuri Gagarin (first human to go into space). US built space program AND EDUCATION as a result.

The Cold War (Hot and Cold)

HOT:

Cuban Missile Crisis:

13 days in October 1962, CLOSEST US & Soviets came to war.

COLD:

Detente (easing of tensions). SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) treaties. Began with Nixon and continued through Carter. Agreed to LIMIT certain arms.

Postwar decolonization movements (Asia, Africa, & Middle East)

US & USSR sought allies among the new nations, however many remained NEUTRAL. (US immediately recognized Israel 1948)

Many revolutions were seen as PAWNS of the Soviet Union.

US support of NON-Communist regimes in LATIN America

Supported regimes w/ varying levels of commitment to DEMOCRACY.

1954 - overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala (posed a communist threat). Replaced by military dictator Armas.

What were some policies / methods designed to ROOT OUT Communists?

Truman's Executive Order 9835 - Federal employees had to take a "Loyalty Oath"

2nd Red Scare:

HUAC (House Committee on UnAmerican activities) & the Hollywood Ten

McCarthyism.

BOTH political parties supported CONTAINMENT.

Eisenhower (R): Iran & Guatemala

Truman (D) in Korea & LBJ in Vietnam.

How did the degree of American's opposition change in the Vietnam War vs. the Korean War?

Korean War (50-53) Only MINOR opposition

Vietnam (1961-73)

PASSIONATE protests that increased as the war progressed.

• ESP after the Tet Offensive 1968

• SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) used violence as time went on in protest.

• Kent-State Protests 1970 (reaction to Cambodia bombings)

What did Americans begin to debate over in relation to DEFENSE?

The merits of a large NUCLEAR arsenal

The "military-industrial complex" (buildup of military & industries throughout US). Eisenhower WARNS of this in his farewell address.

Power of the EXECUTIVE branch in foreign:

Congress REVERSES Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (allowed for LBJ to take any measures necessary in regards to defense) with the WAR POWERS Act.

US involvement in the Middle East

Shaped by ideological, military, & economic concerns.

Suez Crisis (1956). Nasser of Egypt NATIONALIZED the Suez Canal, Britian & France attacked. The US helped end the conflict out of fear the SOVIETS would get involved.

OIL CRISES led to attempts at making a new national ENERGY policy.

OPEC - oil controlled by Middle Eastern countries. Placed an EMBARGO on US after they support Israel (1973). Gas prices rose.

Strategies used by Civil Rights activists against racial SEGREGATION

Direct Action: FREEDOM SUMMER 1964, sought to increase African-Americans registered to vote

Non-violent protest:

MLK, Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks and MLK Jr. Sit-ins ACROSS country (begins in 1960)

How did the 3 BRANCHES promote greater RACIAL equality?

Executive: Truman's Executive Order 9981, DESEGREGATED the military 1948.

Judicial: Brown v. Board 1954, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson 1896.

Legislative: CIVIL RIGHTS ACT of 1964 (part of Great Society, extension of New Deal), ENDED SEGREGATION in US! Workplace discrimination illegal & EQUAL access.

How did whites RESIST segregation and what were the effects of this?

Resistance SLOWED efforts of desegregation.

"Massive Resistance", Southern schools would CLOSE before desegregation

Southern Manifesto, 101 congressmen said Supreme Court overstepped its power in Brown v. Board.

Little Rock 9 1957 Arkansas, Governor Faubus REFUSED to integrate, Eisenhower sent TROOPS.

What debates emerged among Civil Rights activists post-1965?

Over TACTICS & philosophy.

MLK - still believed in NON-violence. Some protestors were frustrated bc it wasnt fast enough.

BLACK PANTHERS - MILITANT, advocated self-defense to violence.

Feminist, gay, & lesbian activism that emerged in response to social conditions & the civil rights movement.

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique 1963, said surbuban housewives weren't happy and led unfulfilled lives. She also created NOW (National Organization for Women) 1966

Gloria Steinmen, helped create the National Women's Political Caucus

Calls for equality for gays and lesbians: Stonewall Riots 1969, birth of the GAY RIGHTS movement.

What were some GROUPS that demanded social & economic EQUALITY?

Latinos, Cesar Chavez & United Farm Workers led a strike (national boycott of grapes - non-violent protest) to bring attention to the plight of Mexican Americans. The boycott worked!

American Indians, Indian of All Tribes (IAT) & American Indian Movement (AIM). PROTESTED to bring attention to Native Struggles. AIM took over Alcatraz Island 1969-1971) to protest Native treatment on reservations.

Asian Americans: California overturned its Alien Land Law (barred Asian immigrants from owning land)

How was POVERTY beginning to be addressed?

Michael Harrington's The Other America (poverty still existed, some Americans didn't see it after "White Flight"). Argued 25% of nation and 50% of African-Americans were living in POVERTY. Native Americans were hit hard.

• Influenced LBJ's GREAT SOCIETY

Environmental programs / regulations (1970s)

Rachel Carson's SILENT SPRING. Exposed dangers of pesticides, helped inspire the EPA. Led to:

Clean Air Act, Environmental Protection Agency 1970 (under Nixon administration, protected environment and human health).

Love Canal (NY- became a dumping ground for chemical waste)

3 Mile Island (PA)

What is liberalism?

Limiting COMMUNISM abroad

Belief in the POWER of the govt to achieve GOALS at home

Reached its zenith in the mid 1960s w/ LBJ

How did LBJ's Great Society use federal power to END racial discrimination?

Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned SEGREGATION in public places