Chapter 3: Transport Layer

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19 Terms

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Transport Protocol

Provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts.

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Services not Available for Either TCP Nor UDP

  • Delay guarantees

  • Bandwidth guarantees

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Multiplexing

Many to one; Sender handles data from multiple sockets and adds the transport header.

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Demultiplexing

One to many; Receiver uses header info to deliver received segments to the correct socket.

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TCP Socket

Socket that contains:

  • Source IP address

  • Source port number

  • Destination IP address

  • Destination port number

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Uses of UDP

  • Streaming multimedia apps

  • DNS

  • SNMP

  • HTTP/3

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UDP Segment Format

  • Source Port Number

  • Destination Port Number

  • Length (in bytes of the UDP segment, including the header)

  • Checksum

  • Application Data (payload)

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Benefits of UDP

• No setup/handshaking needed (no RTT incurred)

• Can function when network service is compromised

• Helps with reliability (checksum)

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rdt1.0

rdt version with reliable transfer over a reliable channel.

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rdt2.0

rdt version with ACKs and NAKs; stop-and-wait

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rdt2.1

rdt version where sender adds sequence number to each packet to avoid taking in duplicates.

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rdt2.2

rdt version that is NAK-free. Receiver instead sends ACK for the last properly received packet.

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rdt3.0

rdt version that implements timeout.

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Pipelining

Sender allows multiple, “in-flight”, yet-to-be-acknowledged packets. Results in increased utilization of rdt3.0.

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Cumulative ACK

ACK(n) = ACKs all packets up to, including sequence number n.

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Costs of Congestion

▪ Loss/retransmission decreases effective throughput

▪ Un-needed duplicates further decreases effective throughput

▪ Upstream transmission capacity / buffering wasted for packets lost downstream

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End-End Congestion Control

▪ No explicit feedback from network

▪ Congestion inferred from observed loss, delay

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Network-Assisted Congestion Control

  • routers provide direct feedback to sending/receiving hosts with flows passing through congested router.

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Bottleneck Link

The output of a router where packet loss occurs.