bio exam 3 Protostomes

trochophore

A specialized type of free-living larva found in lophotrochozoans.

lophophore

A horseshoe-shaped crown of ciliated tentacles that surrounds the mouth of certain lophotrochozoan animals; seen in the phyla Brachiopoda and Bryozoa.

flame cell

A specialized cell found in the network of tubules inside flatworms that assists in water regulation and some waste excretion.

hermaphroditism

Condition in which an organism has both male and female functional reproductive organs.

miracidium

The ciliated first-stage larva inside the egg of the liver fluke; eggs are passed in feces, and if they reach water they may be eaten by a host snail in which they continue their life cycle.

redia

A secondary, nonciliated larva produced in the sporocysts of liver flukes.

scolex

The attachment organ at the anterior end of a tapeworm.

proglottid

A repeated body segment in tapeworms that contains both male and female reproductive organs; proglottids eventually form eggs and embryos, which leave the host's body in feces.

mantle

The soft, outermost layer of the body wall in mollusks; the mantle secretes the shell.

radula

Rasping tongue found in most mollusks.

chaetae

Bristles of chitin on each body segment that help anchor annelid worms during locomotion.

phoronid

Any of a group of lophophorate invertebrates, now classified in the phylum Brachiopoda, that burrows into soft underwater substrates and secretes a chitinous tube in which it lives out its life; it extends its lophophore tentacles to feed on drifting food particles.

Clade Bilateria

- right/left

- dorsal/ventral

- anterior/ posterior

- directional movement

- cephalization (head region)

Protostome

fate of blastopore is mouth

Deuterostome

- fate of blastopore is anus

Lophatrochozoa Clade

- lophophore larva

- trochophore larva (free swimming)/oysters

Phylum Platyhelminthes

- flatworms

- ganglia

- flat planarian

pharynx (flatworms)

Protrudes from the mouth to assist with feeding

flame cells (flatworms)

simplest excretory system

ganglion

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

hermaphrodite

- both male and female organs

- highly regenerative

Parasitic Platyhelminthes

- loss of eyespots

- Trematoda

- cercomeromorpha

Trematoda

- flukes (blood, liver, and lung)

- miracidium (first stage larva)

- Sporocyst (bag-like)

- Rediae (elongated larva)

- Cercaria (adult)

schistome blood flukes

live in intestine or bladder blood vessels

paragonimus

lung fluke

Cercomeromorpha

tapeworms

Phylum Rotifera

- wheel animals

Phylum Byrozoa and Brachiopoda

- mostly marine

- lophophore (gas exchange)

Phylum Bryozoa

- live in colonies

- zoecium (help attach to rocks)

- moss-animal

- reefs

Phylum Brachiopoda

- lamp shells

- lophophore inside shell

Phylum Mollusca

- usually have shells

- food source/ human pest

Mollusca classes

Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

Class Polyplacophora (Phylum Mollusca)

chitons

Class Gastropoda (Phylum Mollusca)

snails and slugs

Class Gastropoda (Phylum Mollusca) Marine

- nudibranchs (sea slugs)

- limpet

- Abalones

- conchs

Class Bivalvia (Phylum Mollusca)

- clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

- 2 sides

- giant clam

- cockles (common seashell)

Class Cephalopoda (Phylum Mollusca)

- squid, octopus

- most intelligent

- ink production

Mantle (Mollusca)

surrounding shell/outer skin; secretes shell

foot (mollusks)

adapted for locomotion; varies in shape among different mollusk clades (attached to head)

foot in cephalopods

tentacles

foot in gastropods

secretory