MORENO VALLEY COLLEGE BIO - 1 LAB MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

What does the Scientific Method Require?

Question

Hypothesis

Variable

What are the S.I. Unita?

Volume

Mass

Distance

Temperature

What is Volume measured in?

Liters

What is mass measured in?

Grams

What is distance measured in?

Meters

What is temperature measured in?

Celsius

What are macromolecules?

Molecules with comparatively large sizes, with 4 distinct types, being Simple Sugars, Complex Sugars, Lipids, and Proteins.

What are the simple carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

What is a Monosaccharide?

The most basic building block of carbohydrates. It is a simple sugar, and examples can include Glucose or Fructose.

What is a Monosaccharide?

The most basic building block of carbohydrates. It is a simple sugar, and examples can include Glucose or Fructose.

What are the Complex Carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides

What is a Polysaccharide?

A chain of 3 or more Monosaccharides, which extend long lengths. They digest slowly compared to simple carbohydrates, and serve multiple different roles. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

What are proteins?

Created in ribosomes, they are the multitools of the body, and are needed for virtually any function in the body compared to other macromolecules. They are built using Amino Acids, and some examples include structural support in hair, transporting larger molecules through cell membranes, and more.

What important reagents were used to test for specific substances in lab?

Benedict’s Solution

Lugol’s Iodine

Sudan 4 (Red Dye)

Biuret

Phenol Red

Paper Test

What are the properties of Phenol Red?

Pink / Red in Basic Solutions

Yellow in Acidic solutions.

What did Phenol Red test for in lab?

The presence of CO2

What are the properties of Benedict Solution?

Turns orange when positive.

Natural Color is blue.

What did Benedict’s Solution test for?

Tested for the presence of simple sugars

What are the properties of Lugol’s Iodine

Turns blue when positive

Natural color is yellow

What does Lugol’s Iodine test for?

Tested for the presence of polysaccharides.

What are the properties of the Paper test?

The test did not have a color change.

What did the Paper test check for?

Tested for the presence of lipids.

What were the properties of the Sudan 4 test?

Natural Color was Red

Attached to tested reagent.

Did not change color.

What did the Sudan 4 test check for?

Tested for the presence of Lipids.

What are the properties of the Biuret test?

Turns purple when positive

Natural color is blue.

What did the Biuret test check for?

The presence of protiens.

What are the two most important factors regarding microscopes?

Magnification, which is how zoomed in the produced image is and Resolution, which is how clear the produced image is, are the two most important things regarding microscopes.

What is Diffusion?

The random motion of particles from high to low concentration.

What is Osmosis?

Random motion of WATER from high to low concentration through a MEMBRANE.

What are factors that can affect diffusion?

Size

Medium

Temperature

Concentration gradient

What does Hypertonic mean?

You are gaining water.

What does Hypotonic mean?

You are losing water.

What does Isotonic mean?

You are Gaining and losing the same amount of water.

What is Semi-Permeabiltiy?

The trait of only being permeable to certain substances. Generally, small molecules which pass through the small pores in a membrane, where larger molecules are blocked due to their size.

What substances that were tested in lab can pass through a semi permeable membrane?

Chlorine

Sulfate

What substances that were tested in lab CANNOT pass through a semi permeable membrane?

Starch

Albumin

What are Enzymes?

Made of Proteins, these lower the energy of activation level for the substrate they are specialized for. They are highly specialized, and are reusable. They can also be referred to as Catalysts.

What are competitive inhibitors?

Substrates that resemble the target substrate of an enzyme. They bind to the active site of the enzyme and block the intended substrate from entering the enzyme.

How do enzymes discriminate between substrates?

They look at the positions of the bonds (e.g. the position of the alcohols in the substrate)

What are non competitive inhibitors?

These interfere with the allosteric site of an enzyme, damaging it in ways such as ripping off the enzyme’s cofactor. This damage is irreversible, since it changes the shape of the active site.

What is the effect of low temperatures on enzymes?

Low temperature slow down enzymes.

What is the effects of high temperatures on enzymes?

They render the enzyme ineffective as it denatures to proteins in the enzyme.

What is the effect of High and Low acidity on enzymes?

The acidic or basic nature of solutions can denature the proteins in an enzyme, rendering it non functional.

What is a Cofactor?

A metal that assists an enzyme to be more effective and efficient.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is chromatography?

A lab process used to separate the components of a mixture. For example, separating pigments.

What is the equation for Respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Where do pigments come from inside a plant cell?

Pigments came from the pigments inside the thylakoid membrane

Where do light reactions occur?

Thylakoid membrane is where light reactions occur.

What sugar made the most CO2?

Glucose

What sugar made the second most CO2

Starch + Amalyse

What sugar made the least CO2

Starch

What organelles are exclusive to animal cells?

Centrosomes

Lysosomes

What organelles are exclusive to plants?

Cloroplasts

Cell walls

Central Vacuoles

Plastids

What organelles do Bacteria lack?

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Central Vacuoles