Intro to Metabolism

Metabolism is defined as __________.

All of an organism’s chemical reactions.

The catabolic pathway __________ energy and breaks down complex molecules.

Releases

Anabolic pathways require a __________ of energy to build complex molecules.

Net input

Catabolic reactions __________ molecules to release energy.

Break down

In a catabolic pathway, the energy released becomes available to __________.

Do the work of the cell.

Photosynthesis is an example of a(n) __________ pathway.

Anabolic

Cellular respiration is an example of a(n) __________ pathway.

Catabolic

The energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules is called __________ energy.

Kinetic

Potential energy is energy due to __________, position, or structure.

Location

The __________ states that the energy of the universe is constant.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

The __________ states that every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy measures the level of __________ in matter.

Disorder or randomness

Free energy is defined as energy that can __________ work.

Perform

In exergonic reactions, the energy of reactants is __________ than the energy of products.

greater

In endergonic reactions, the energy of reactants is __________ than the energy of products.

less

Chemical work in a cell involves __________ reactions that would not occur spontaneously.

Pushing of endergonic

Transport work requires input of energy to pump substances across __________.

Membranes

Mechanical work is associated with __________ movement.

Physical

Enzymes act as __________, speeding up reactions.

Catalysts

Activation energy is the initial investment of __________ needed to start a reaction.

Energy

The __________ state is when the reactant molecules have absorbed enough energy for bonds to break.

Transition

The region on the enzyme where catalysis occurs is called the __________ site.

Active

The __________ fit model explains how enzyme shape changes to snugly fit the substrate.

Induced

One mechanism enzymes use to lower activation energy is _______________ by distorting critical bonds.

Bond contortion

At saturation, all active sites on enzyme molecules are __________.

Engaged

An enzyme's optimal temperature is usually around __________ temperature.

Body

Cofactors can be inorganic substances such as __________, iron, and copper.

Zinc

Competitive inhibitors block substrates from entering the __________ site of an enzyme.

Active

Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a site other than the __________ site.

Active

Allosteric regulation involves the transition between __________ and inactive forms of enzymes.

Active

Feedback inhibition regulates metabolic pathways by the binding of a(n) __________ product to an early enzyme.

End

Cofactors can also be organic molecules known as __________.

Coenzymes

Molecules must overcome __________ energy to reach the transition state.

Activation

The reaction that provides energy for cellular functions is called __________ respiration.

Cellular

Within metabolic pathways, the end product __________ the pathway by inhibiting early enzymes.

Switches off

A(n) __________ binds to a regulatory site, stabilizing the active form of an enzyme.

Activator

The __________ site is crucial for the substrate binding and catalyzing reactions.

Active

Mechanical work in cells includes movement of __________ during processes like mitosis.

Chromosomes

An enzyme may provide a __________ that is more conducive to reaction.

Microenvironment

To increase the speed of reactions, you can add more __________.

Enzyme