Chem 161

7/16/25 Review

mono

1

bi

2

tri

3

tetra

4

penta

5

hexa

6

hepta

7

octa

8

nona

9

deca

10

binary molecular

non-metal colavent bonds

Binary Ionic Compunds

A non-metal + metal ionic bond

multicharge ions

Transtional metals with a multitude of charges

Anion

negatively charged ion

Cation

positively charged ion

Ionic bonds

bonds formed by one atom giving another electron to the other resulting in polar attraction

Covalent bonds

Bonds formed by sharing electrons, more stable

milli (m)

10^-3

micro (weird m)

10^-6

nano (n)

10^-9

pico (p)

10^-12

kilo (k)

10³

mega (M)

10^6

giga (G)

10^9

centi ( c )

10^-2

Scientific method

Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Theory

Hypothesis

An argument to be tested, a explanation without proof

Theory

a hypothesis upheld by experimental explanation

Observation

what is noticed to cause an hypothesis

Experiment

the “proof” to support the theory, or change the course of the hypothesis based on new findings.

Accuracy

cloesness to true value

Precision

closeness of grouping

Periods

row of the periodic table

Group

Column of the periodic table

Metals

malleable, high melting point, good conductivity

Metalloids

Shiny, able to be turned into thin wire (ductile), brittle, avg. conductor

Non-metals

Brittle, dull, poor conducters, gas @ room temp., low melting point

Extensive Properties

what can be changed without changing the chemical formula, depends on matter

Intensive

what can’t be changed, does not depend on matter

Physical Properties

Matter existing

Chemical Properties

Reactivity

Physical changes

Doesn’t make something new (tearing, freezing/boiling, dissolving)

Chemical changes

Does create something new (burning, rusting, cooking)

Evidence of Chem Rxn

odor, gas bubbles, precipitation, heat production, color change

Thomson’s cathode ray and magnet

Electrons are negatively charged

Millikan’s oil droplets

Measured charge, and mass of eletrons

Rutherford’s gold foil

Atoms have a dense positive core, and are surrounded by negative space

Molecule

a molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Compound

must involve an atom bonding with atoms of two or more different elements. It thus always contains more than one type of element; its constituent parts combine in a fixed ratio.

Pure substance

a substance that only consists of one particle and is chemically uniform

Mixture

two or more substances mixing, while still continuing to remain with beginning properties

HI BrONClF stands for? (diatomic ions)

Hydrogen, Iodine, Bromine, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Chlorine, Fluorine

What are the Diatomic ions

HI BrONCIF

femto (f)

10^-1