chapter 23, 26, 27 fill in blanks

The ______ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

residual volume

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the ____

tidal volume

After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the _____

inspiratory reserve volume

The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ____

vital capacity

the vital capacity minus the ____ equals the inspiratory capacity.

expiratory reserve volume

The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the ______

forced expiratory volume

The law of partial pressure, also known as ______, states that the individual gases in the air contribute to the total atmospheric pressure as a function of the percentage each gas contributes to the total volume.

daltons law

If two gases have the same partial pressure, but gas A has a higher water solubility coefficient than gas B, then _______ will diffuse at a faster rate.

gas A

______ states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is a function of its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient.

Henry’s Law

If the alveolar partial pressure of gas A is 110 mm Hg and the partial pressure of gas B is 135, then _____ will diffuse into the blood at a faster rate.

gas B

If the P(CO2) in the tissues increases, then the P(CO2) in the systemic venous blood will ____

increase

pulmonary ventilation is known as ______, which is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

breathing

it consists of two cyclic phases: _______, which brings air into the lungs and ______, which forces air out of the lungs

inspiration; expiration

pulmonary ventilation that occurs at rest is called _____, whereas _____, accompanies exercise or hard exertion.

quiet breathing; forced breathing

the principles of this involve ______ in the brainstem that stimulate _____ to cyclically contract and relax.

autonomic nuclei; skeletal muscle

This contraction and relaxation causes dimensional changes within the _____ and results in establishing a changing ______ between the lungs and the atmosphere

thoracic cavity; pressure gradient

The ____ in the alveoli is 104 mm Hg, and the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a P(O₂) of _____. This allows _____ to diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O₂) partial pressure gradient. The P(O₂) in the alveoli ______ because oxygen is continuously entering the alveoli through the respiratory passageways. The _____ in the alveoli is 40 mm Hg and that of the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries is _____. This causes _____ to diffuse down its partial pressure gradient from the blood into the alveoli.

P(O2); 40 mm Hg; oxygen; remains constant; P(CO2); 45 mm Hg; carbon dioxide

The P(O₂) in the tissue cells is _____ mm Hg. The blood as it enters the surrounding systemic capillaries has a P(O₂) of _____ mm Hg. Therefore, oxygen diffuses ______ the systemic capillaries _____ its partial pressure gradient into the cells.

40; 100; out of; down

Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is diffusing in the opposite direction. The P(CO₂) in tissue cells is _____ mm Hg, and the blood entering the systemic capillaries is _____ mm Hg. Carbon dioxide diffuses _____ its partial pressure gradient from the cells into the blood until blood P(CO₂) is 45 mm Hg.

45; 40; down

Henry's law pointed out that the ______ is very low. This means that only small amounts of oxygen are dissolved in the plasma. Consequently, about ______ of the oxygen in the blood must be transported within _____ where it attaches to the ______ within hemoglobin molecules. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin is referred to as _______. Hemoglobin without bound oxygen is called __________.

solubility coefficient of oxygen; 98%; erythrocytes; iron; oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin

The solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide is 0.57. Due to both this value and the _____ partial pressure gradient for CO₂, approximately _____ of carbon dioxide is transported to the alveoli _______ within the plasma of blood. Hemoglobin is capable of transporting about ______ of the CO₂ as a _______ compound. The remaining ______ of the CO₂ diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water to form bicarbonate and H⁺. Thus, the largest percentage is carried from the tissue cells to the lungs in plasma as ______

small; 7%; as a dissolved gas; 23%; as a carbaminohemoglobin; 70%; as a dissolved bicarbonate

The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with _____ digestion.

mechanical

Once in the stomach, _______ hydrolyzes peptide bonds.

pepsin

Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and _____ will continue the breakdown of proteins.

carboxypeptidase

The _____ border in the intestines will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.

brush

In order to use amino acids as fuel, _____ must occur.

deamination

This process results in the formation of a(n) _____

keto acid

Depending on which amino acid is involved, this can now be converted to ____, acetyl-CoA, or an acid of the citric acid cycle.

pyruvic acid

Now the former amino acid is ready to be converted to _____ or enter the citric acid cycle for ATP formation

glucose

stored ______ are broken into glycerol and fatty acids.

triglycerides

Fatty acids go through _____

beta-oxidation

_____ is formed.

Acetyl-CoA

After it is formed, it enters the _____

Krebs cycle

Minerals are ____ such as iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, iodine, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus. All minerals are _____.

inorganic ions; obtained from the diet

We have a ____ for all minerals. They are absorbed from the _____ and are stored to varying degrees within the body.

daily requirement; digestive system

These reserves are “hedges” against unexpected in availability; however, if stored minerals are depleted, clinical problems may occur.

decreases

The _____ state is the time between meals when the body relies on its stores of nutrients because ____ of nutrients is occurring.

fasting; no further absorption

Assuming that an individual eats three meals spread out through the day, and spends 12 hours in the ______ state, the other 12 hours are spent in the postabsorptive state.

fed

The body uses hormones to maintain homeostatic levels of many nutrients, as these substances are ______ in the blood as time passes with no addition food intake.

decreasing