Starred ap terms i dont know

Imagery

The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.

Irony

the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.

Verbal Irony

when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning.

Situational Irony

when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen.

Dramatic Irony

when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.

Litotes

a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite.

Antithesis

the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.

Aphorism

A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.

Apostrophe

A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences. Ex: Men sell the wedding bells.

Asyndeton

A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions ("They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, understanding.").

Chiasmus

A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.").

Cliché

An expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off ("the time of my life," "at the drop of a hat").

Coherence

The principle of clarity and logical adherence to a topic that binds together all parts of a composition.

Consonance

The recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity. Example: It will creep and beep while you sleep.

Diction

Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.

Didactic

From the Greek, didactic literally means 'teaching.' Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.

Euphemism

From the Greek for 'good speech,' euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.

Exigence

An issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak.

Ambiguity

The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.

Anaphora

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses (Example: "In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come for the laws of peace.")

Antecedent

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

Metaphor

a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.

Metonymy

a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.

Mood

The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.

Polysyndeton

the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural.

Parallelism

Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.

Pedantic

An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. (Language that might be described as show-offy; using big words for the sake of using it

Satire

A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.

sentence structure

the way a sentence is arranged, grammatically

Compound Sentence

Joins two or more independent clauses with a coordinator (fanboys) or a semi-colon.

Complex Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

Loose Sentence (Non-periodic sentence)

A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.

Periodic Sentence

A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end, preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone.

Style

The consideration of style has two purposes: an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices, and classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors.

Syllepsis

A construction in which one word is used in two different senses.

Major premise

All men are mortal.

Minor premise

Socrates is a man.

Conclusion

Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

Example of Loose Sentence

I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays.

Example of Periodic Sentence

After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.

Effect of Periodic Sentence

Adds emphasis and structural variety, creating a much stronger sentence than a loose sentence.

Classification of Style

Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc.

Main Idea of Loose Sentence

If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence.

Effect of Loose Sentences

Often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational.

Opposite of Loose Sentence

Periodic sentence.

Validity of Syllogism's Conclusion

A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid.

Example of Syllepsis

After he threw the ball, he threw a fit.

Purpose of Style Evaluation

To analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose.

Synecdoche

a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.

Example of Synecdoche

to refer to a boat as a 'sail'; to refer to a car as 'wheels'; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as 'the strings.'

Metonymy

one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it.

Example of Metonymy

referring to a monarch as 'the crown' or the President as 'The White House.'

Synesthesia

when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.

Example of Synesthesia

the sight of red ants makes you itchy.

Literary Synesthesia

the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image.

Example of Literary Synesthesia

Red Hot Chili Peppers' song title, 'Taste the Pain.'

Syntax

the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Diction

refers to the individual words used by an author.

Examples of Transitional Words

furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary, etc.

Wit

intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.

Characteristics of Wit

a witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks.

Language of Wit

usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.